Table 2 Demographic characteristics of study participants stratified according to HbA1c status
Group A (n = 133,885) | Group B (n = 152) | SDR* | Group C (n = 986) | SDR* | Group D (n = 2829) | SDR* | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Demographic characteristics | |||||||
Age, years (mean, SD) | 68.57 (9.90) | 67.89 (8.16) | −0.075 | 68.89 (8.94) | 0.034 | 69.35 (8.26) | 0.086 |
Sex (n, %) | −0.543 | − 0.355 | − 0.246 | ||||
Female | 77,174 (57.64) | 48 (31.58) | 396 (40.16) | 1286 (45.46) | |||
Male | 56,711 (42.36) | 104 (68.42) | 590 (59.84) | 1543 (54.54) | |||
Clinical characteristics | |||||||
BMI (mean, SD) | 22.28 (3.11) | 23.56 (2.86) | 0.428 | 23.84 (3.51) | 0.472 | 24.01 (3.43) | 0.527 |
SBP, mmHg (mean, SD) | 128.15 (16.25) | 129.08 (16.15) | 0.057 | 132.93 (16.77) | 0.289 | 131.73 (16.02) | 0.221 |
DBP, mmHg (mean, SD) | 74.46 (10.56) | 76.01 (10.36) | 0.149 | 76.94 (10.87) | 0.232 | 75.92 (10.65) | 0.138 |
Triglycerides, mg/dL (mean, SD) | 108.61 (65.33) | 122.66 (76.28) | 0.198 | 147.54 (118.44) | 0.407 | 140.33 (86.00) | 0.415 |
HDL, mg/dL (mean, SD) | 63.54 (16.56) | 55.20 (13.46) | −0.553 | 56.83 (14.53) | −0.431 | 57.33 (15.30) | − 0.389 |
LDL, mg/dL (mean, SD) | 124.31 (29.39) | 120.03 (31.24) | −0.141 | 130.76 (32.05) | 0.210 | 126.42 (30.10) | 0.071 |
FBG, mg/dL (mean, SD) | 93.98 (10.81) | 110.63 (12.77) | 1.408 | 143.67 (36.05) | 1.867 | 120.68 (19.245) | 1.711 |
GOT, IU/L (mean, SD) | 23.70 (9.11) | 22.38 (6.83) | −0.164 | 25.57 (12.40) | 0.172 | 26.63 (13.27) | 0.257 |
GPT, IU/L (mean, SD) | 19.33 (11.82) | 21.05 (10.26) | 0.155 | 25.55 (16.30) | 0.437 | 26.82 (19.66) | 0.462 |
γ-GTP, IU/L (mean, SD) | 30.20 (35.57) | 34.28 (24.55) | 0.133 | 46.28 (54.59) | 0.349 | 42.81 (58.58) | 0.260 |
HbA1c, % (mean, SD) | 5.56 (0.32) | 6.15 (0.28) | 1.970 | 7.49 (1.11) | 2.369 | 6.75 (0.39) | 3.351 |
Hematocrit, % (mean, SD) | 41.55 (3.89) | 43.11 (4.26) | 0.382 | 43.44 (4.04) | 0.477 | 42.66 (4.15) | 0.275 |
Hemoglobin, g/dL (mean, SD) | 13.60 (1.40) | 14.17 (1.49) | 0.400 | 14.36 (1.49) | 0.526 | 14.05 (1.54) | 0.309 |
RBC, 104/μL (mean, SD) | 441.55 (43.64) | 457.98 (48.12) | 0.358 | 464.02 (47.01) | 0.496 | 459.46 (45.63) | 0.401 |
Uric acid, mg/dL (mean, SD) | 5.17 (1.34) | 5.52 (1.23) | 0.275 | 5.22 (1.29) | 0.042 | 5.45 (1.30) | 0.217 |
Serum creatinine, mg/dL (mean, SD) | 0.76 (0.31) | 0.83 (0.47) | 0.173 | 0.76 (0.19) | 0.000 | 0.77 (0.20) | 0.053 |
eGFR, mL/min (mean, SD) | 69.23 (14.74) | 70.57 (14.99) | 0.090 | 72.84 (16.13) | 0.234 | 70.28 (15.09) | 0.070 |
Urine glucose (n, %) | −0.344 | −0.791 | −0.395 | ||||
Negative | 132,268 (98.79) | 139 (91.45) | 727 (73.73) | 2552 (90.21) | |||
Trace | 617 (0.46) | 5 (3.29) | 63 (6.39) | 75 (2.65) | |||
1+ | 410 (0.31) | 2 (1.32) | 70 (7.10) | 87 (3.08) | |||
2+ | 168 (0.13) | 2 (1.32) | 53 (5.38) | 48 (1.70) | |||
3+ | 136 (0.10) | 3 (1.97) | 72 (7.30) | 63 (2.23) | |||
Urine protein (n, %) | −0.205 | −0.285 | −0.154 | ||||
Negative | 117,900 (88.06) | 125 (82.24) | 769 (77.99) | 2377 (84.02) | |||
Trace | 10,228 (7.64) | 14 (9.21) | 122 (12.37) | 241 (8.52) | |||
1+ | 4146 (3.10) | 8 (5.26) | 66 (6.69) | 139 (4.91) | |||
2+ | 1073 (0.80) | 4 (2.63) | 20 (2.03) | 53 (1.87) | |||
3+ | 249 (0.19) | 0 (0.00) | 8 (0.81) | 16 (0.57) | |||
Anti-hypertensive drugs (n, %) | 51,127 (38.19) | 69 (45.39) | −0.147 | 415 (42.09) | −0.080 | 1435 (50.72) | −0.254 |
Lipid-lowering drugs (n, %) | 32,381 (24.19) | 34 (22.37) | −0.043 | 241 (24.44) | −0.006 | 930 (32.87) | −0.193 |
Treatment history (n, %) | |||||||
Cerebrovascular disease | 5470 (4.09) | 7 (4.61) | −0.025 | 45 (4.56) | −0.023 | 145 (5.13) | −0.050 |
Cardiovascular disease | 8348 (6.24) | 7 (4.61) | −0.072 | 65 (6.59) | −0.014 | 241 (8.52) | −0.088 |
Lifestyle characteristics | |||||||
Daily smoking (n, %) | 11,842 (8.84) | 23 (15.13) | −0.194 | 141 (14.3) | −0.171 | 289 (10.22) | −0.047 |
Alcohol consumption (n, %) | −0.149 | −0.130 | − 0.043 | ||||
Daily | 26,634 (19.89) | 38 (25.00) | 249 (25.25) | 591 (20.89) | |||
Sometimes | 25,458 (19.01) | 28 (18.42) | 188 (19.07) | 567 (20.04) | |||
Never | 74,569 (55.7) | 74 (48.68) | 507 (51.42) | 1520 (53.73) | |||