Fig. 2

Radar plot of the performance of each multimorbidity measure in explaining health outcomes associated with chronic conditions. The plotted values of the performance of the multimorbidity measures for each outcome correspond to the area under the receiving operating curve (AUC-ROC), which ranges from 0.5 (radar centre) to 1 (external edge). A: reference model including age, gender, and socioeconomic status. B: morbidity adjusted groups (GMA) index. C: Charlson index. D: healthcare cost and utilization project (HCUP) of the US Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality. E: Quality and Outcome Framework of the NHS (QOF). F: proposal of the Karolinska Institute for measuring chronic multimorbidity in older people. For each model, the estimates are shown for ten populations: adults (aged > 17 years), people aged > 64 years, people aged > 64 years and institutionalized in a nursing home for long-term care (nursing home), and people with specific diagnoses: ischemic heart disease (IHD), cirrhosis, dementia, diabetes mellitus (DM), heart failure (HF), chronic kidney disease (CKD), and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). The AUC values plotted in this figure are presented in Table S10 (Supplementary file 1). Tables S11-S19 present the corresponding values for the rest of the sub-populations analysed. ER: emergency room. NF: nursing facility. NS: non-scheduled