From: Gender differences in depressive symptoms of rural Chinese grandparents caring for grandchildren
Variables | Grandfathers | Grandmothers | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Model 1 | Model 2 | Model 3 | Model 4 | Model 1 | Model 2 | Model 3 | Model 4 | |
Coef. | Coef. | Coef. | Coef. | Coef. | Coef. | Coef. | Coef. | |
(95%CI) | (95%CI) | (95%CI) | (95%CI) | (95%CI) | (95%CI) | (95%CI) | (95%CI) | |
Fixed effects | ||||||||
 Grandchild-care duration, hours | − 0.0006 |  |  |  | 0.0004 |  |  |  |
(− 0.002–0.001) |  |  |  | (− 0.001–0.001) |  |  |  | |
Grandchild-care provision (Ref: No) | ||||||||
 Yes |  | −0.034 |  |  |  | −0.087* |  |  |
 | (− 0.150–0.083) |  |  |  | (− 0.163 - -0.010) |  |  | |
Grandchild-care intensity (Ref: No care) | ||||||||
 Low |  |  | − 0.047 |  |  |  | − 0.112 |  |
 |  | (− 0.196–0.102) |  |  |  | (− 0.257–0.032) |  | |
 Moderate |  |  | − 0.031 |  |  |  | −0.291*** |  |
 |  | (− 0.173–0.111) |  |  |  | (− 0.435 - -0.147) |  | |
 High |  |  | −0.031 |  |  |  | − 0.017 |  |
 |  | (− 0.174–0.113) |  |  |  | (−0.120–0.085) |  | |
Grandchild-care intensity (Ref: Low) | ||||||||
 Moderate |  |  |  | −0.004 |  |  |  | −0.171* |
 |  |  | (−0.190–0.182) |  |  |  | (−0.313 - -0.029) | |
 High |  |  |  | −0.001 |  |  |  | 0.110 |
 |  |  | (−0.184–0.182) |  |  |  | (−0.064–0.284) | |
Age, years (Ref:Â 45-49) | ||||||||
  ≥ 60 | 0.088 | 0.087 | 0.087 | 0.201* | −0.139* | − 0.142* | −0.133* | − 0.176* |
(−0.054–0.229) | (−0.055–0.229) | (−0.055–0.229) | (0.021–0.381) | (−0.253 - -0.026) | (− 0.252 - -0.032) | (− 0.244 - -0.023) | (−0.312 - -0.040) | |
Education level (Ref: Illiterate) | ||||||||
 Primary school or below | 0.176†| 0.176†| 0.176†| 0.115 | −0.031 | − 0.029 | −0.030 | − 0.032 |
(−0.024–0.376) | (−0.023–0.375) | (−0.023–0.374) | (−0.063–0.292) | (−0.173–0.111) | (−0.170–0.112) | (−0.171–0.111) | (−0.154–0.091) | |
 Middle school | 0.001 | 0.001 | 3.20e-05 | 0.006 | −0.228* | −0.222* | − 0.230* | −0.255** |
(−0.229–0.230) | (−0.228–0.229) | (−0.228–0.228) | (−0.221–0.233) | (−0.419 - -0.037) | (− 0.412 - -0.032) | (− 0.419 - -0.042) | (−0.441 - -0.070) | |
 High school or above | −0.261 | −0.265 | − 0.266 | −0.049 | − 0.314 | −0.321 | − 0.331 | −0.590* |
(−0.645–0.122) | (−0.647–0.117) | (−0.647–0.115) | (−0.310–0.212) | (−1.077–0.448) | (−1.063–0.422) | (−1.074–0.412) | (−1.110 - -0.069) | |
Marital status (Ref: Separated/Divorced/Widowed/Never married) | ||||||||
 Married | −0.068 | − 0.071 | −0.071 | − 0.128 | −0.131 | − 0.130 | −0.133 | − 0.178 |
(−0.233–0.098) | (−0.232–0.090) | (−0.232–0.090) | (−0.396–0.140) | (−0.299–0.038) | (−0.298–0.039) | (−0.304–0.039) | (−0.402–0.045) | |
Work status (Ref: Unemployed) | ||||||||
 Working | −0.034 | − 0.033 | −0.032 | 0.010 | 0.059 | 0.052 | 0.057 | 0.075 |
(−0.184–0.117) | (−0.182–0.116) | (−0.183–0.118) | (−0.176–0.196) | (−0.106–0.224) | (−0.116–0.220) | (−0.107–0.222) | (−0.120–0.271) | |
Annual household income (Ref: Poorest) | ||||||||
 2nd quintile | 0.009 | 0.007 | 0.006 | 0.006 | 0.078 | 0.076 | 0.076 | 0.101 |
(−0.197–0.216) | (−0.197–0.210) | (−0.199–0.211) | (−0.226–0.238) | (−0.045–0.201) | (−0.048–0.200) | (−0.049–0.201) | (−0.078–0.280) | |
 Middle | −0.034 | − 0.035 | −0.036 | − 0.061 | −0.036 | − 0.036 | −0.030 | 0.034 |
(−0.186–0.118) | (−0.187–0.117) | (−0.188–0.117) | (−0.293–0.171) | (−0.229–0.157) | (−0.231–0.159) | (−0.224–0.164) | (−0.207–0.274) | |
 4th quintile | −0.016 | − 0.018 | −0.018 | − 0.115 | −0.014 | − 0.016 | −0.022 | − 0.154 |
(−0.216–0.183) | (−0.214–0.179) | (−0.213–0.178) | (−0.352–0.123) | (−0.190–0.163) | (−0.192–0.160) | (−0.197–0.153) | (−0.368–0.061) | |
 Richest | −0.185* | − 0.186* | −0.186* | − 0.280* | −0.238* | − 0.240* | −0.237* | − 0.282* |
(−0.348 - -0.022) | (− 0.349 - -0.023) | (− 0.348 - -0.024) | (−0.493 - -0.066) | (− 0.463 - -0.013) | (− 0.462 - -0.017) | (−0.457 - -0.018) | (− 0.507 - -0.057) | |
Receiving intergenerational support from children (Ref: No) | ||||||||
 Yes | 0.020 | 0.020 | 0.020 | −0.028 | 0.027 | 0.028 | 0.029 | −0.066 |
(−0.197–0.237) | (−0.197–0.237) | (−0.197–0.238) | (−0.200–0.145) | (−0.229–0.282) | (−0.225–0.281) | (−0.229–0.286) | (−0.329–0.196) | |
Co-habiting with children (Ref: No) | ||||||||
 Yes | −0.023 | − 0.023 | −0.023 | − 0.017 | −0.015 | − 0.012 | −0.009 | − 0.092 |
(−0.136–0.090) | (−0.136–0.091) | (−0.136–0.090) | (−0.175–0.140) | (−0.200–0.169) | (−0.196–0.171) | (−0.190–0.172) | (−0.273–0.089) | |
 Number of grandchildren | 0.012 | 0.011 | 0.011 | −0.008 | 0.015 | 0.018 | 0.017 | 0.038†|
(−0.018–0.043) | (−0.019–0.041) | (−0.019–0.041) | (−0.054–0.037) | (−0.034–0.063) | (−0.033–0.068) | (−0.033–0.067) | (−0.003–0.080) | |
Engagement in social activities (Ref: No) | ||||||||
 Yes | −0.062 | − 0.062 | −0.062 | − 0.210*** | −0.103* | − 0.098* | −0.089†| − 0.080 |
(−0.174–0.050) | (−0.175–0.051) | (−0.174–0.051) | (−0.299 - -0.120) | (− 0.202 - -0.004) | (− 0.195 - -0.001) | (−0.187–0.009) | (−0.196–0.037) | |
Suffering from chronic disease (Ref: No) | ||||||||
 Yes | 0.198** | 0.199** | 0.199** | 0.175* | 0.294*** | 0.295*** | 0.293*** | 0.239*** |
(0.049–0.347) | (0.052–0.347) | (0.052–0.347) | (0.006–0.344) | (0.156–0.433) | (0.157–0.432) | (0.156–0.431) | (0.126–0.352) | |
 ADLs score | 0.127*** | 0.127*** | 0.127*** | 0.159*** | 0.108*** | 0.107*** | 0.109*** | 0.110*** |
(0.073–0.181) | (0.073–0.181) | (0.073–0.181) | (0.096–0.222) | (0.066–0.151) | (0.064–0.150) | (0.066–0.152) | (0.052–0.168) | |
 IADLs score | 0.059*** | 0.059*** | 0.059*** | 0.063*** | 0.090*** | 0.091*** | 0.091*** | 0.092*** |
(0.030–0.088) | (0.030–0.088) | (0.030–0.089) | (0.031–0.096) | (0.064–0.117) | (0.064–0.117) | (0.064–0.119) | (0.065–0.119) | |
Random-effects (intercept) | ||||||||
 Level 4 (SE) | 0.031 | 0.031 | 0.031 | 0.022 | 0.015 | 0.016 | 0.016 | 0.001 |
(0.013) | (0.013) | (0.013) | (0.014) | (0.013) | (0.013) | (0.013) | (0.009) | |
 Level 3 (SE) | 0.042 | 0.043 | 0.043 | 0.042 | 0.036 | 0.036 | 0.035 | 0.049 |
(0.016) | (0.016) | (0.016) | (0.033) | (0.015) | (0.015) | (0.015) | (0.031) | |
 Level 2 (SE) | 0.034 | 0.033 | 0.033 | 0.005 | 0.064 | 0.061 | 0.063 | 0.006 |
(0.020) | (0.020) | (0.020) | (0.006) | (0.027) | (0.026) | (0.027) | (0.025) |