Table 4 Summary of studies from included reviews
Review authors | Intervention(s) (n = no. of studies) | Outcome(s) | Summary results ↑ = increase/ improved ↓ = decrease/ deteriorated ↔ = no change (represent sig. Results unless reported otherwise) | R-AMSTAR quality appraisal rating |
|---|---|---|---|---|
Physical environment interventions (n = 50) | ||||
Infrastructure to encourage physical activity (n = 14) | ||||
 Cycling and walking routes (n = 12) | ||||
  Hunter et al. (2015) [70] | New greenway (n = 1) | Health behaviours: physical activity | ↔ | 22 (low) |
  Mayne et al. (2015) [71] | Bike lane (n = 2); bike share (n = 1) | Health behaviours: physical activity, active transport. | Bike lane ↑; bike share ↑ | 21 (low) |
  Macmillan et al. (2018) [73] | Cycle lanes (n = 1) | Health behaviours: physical activity | ↓ | 34 (high) |
  Stappers et al. (2018) [75] | New on- and off-road walking/cycling routes (n = 7) | Health behaviours: physical activity | Extended greenway ↔; cycling paths ↑; walking/cycling trail ↓; (greater ↑ for those in close proximity to intervention) | 28 (medium) |
 Outdoor gyms (n = 2) | ||||
  Hunter et al. (2015) [70] | Outdoor gym (n = 1) | Health behaviours: Physical activity | Non-sig ↑ | 22 (low) |
  Hunter et al. (2019) [66] | Outdoor gym (n = 1) | Health behaviours: Physical activity | ↑ | 36 (high) |
Housing (n = 16) | ||||
 Home modifications (n = 3) | ||||
  Sauni et al. (2015) [72] | Home modifications (n = 1) | Health outcomes: asthma | ↔ | 41 (high) |
  McCartney et al. (2017) [22] | Home modifications (n = 1) | Health outcomes: self-reported physical and mental health. | ↑ | 17 (low) |
  Ige et al. (2019) [67] | Home modifications (n = 1) | Health outcomes: injuries from falls | ↓ in injuries from falls (positive effect) | 23 (medium) |
 Provision of housing (n = 13) | ||||
  Persaud et al. (2019) [68] | Provision of housing (n = 13) | Health outcomes: 34 reported including quality of life, physical health, mental health. | ↑ | 33 (medium) |
 Improving the public realm (n = 4) | ||||
  Moore et al. (2018) [74] | Green storm water infrastructure; urban and landscape development (n = 2) | Health outcomes: quality of life Social determinants outcomes: perceptions of safety and social cohesion | Green storm water infrastructure ↔ (perceptions of place/safety, social cohesion); Urban and landscape development ↑ (quality of life) | 36 (high) |
  Hunter et al. (2019) [66] | Greening vacant lots (n = 2) | Health outcomes: heart rate Social determinants outcomes: gun assaults, perceptions of safety, crime rates | ↑ (perceptions of safety) ↓ (gun assaults, crime rates, and heart rate) | 36 (high) |
 Parks and playgrounds (n = 6) | ||||
  Audrey & Batista-Ferrer (2015) [21] | Removal of park seating (n = 1) | Health behaviours: physical activity | ↔ | 31 (medium) |
  Mayne et al. (2015) [71] | New park (n = 1) | Health behaviours: physical activity | ↔ | 21 (low) |
  Hunter et al. (2015) [70] | Park re-development (n = 1) | Health behaviours: physical activity | ↑ | 22 (low) |
  Hunter et al. (2019) [66] | Development of new, renovating existing, parks (n = 3) | Health behaviours: physical activity | ↑ | 36 (high) |
 Supermarkets (n = 4) | ||||
  Macmillan et al. (2018) [73] | New supermarket/farmers market (n = 2) | Health outcomes: self-reported Body Mass Index (BMI). Health behaviours: physical activity; consumption of fruit and vegetables | New supermarket ↔ (self-report BMI); Farmers market ↑ (self-report fruit and vegetables); transport ↑ (physical activity for new users and greater for those living closer) | 34 (high) |
  Tseng et al. (2018) [76] | New supermarkets (n = 2) | Health behaviours: consumption of fruit and vegetables Health outcomes: weight/BMI | Fruit and vegetable consumption ↔; overall caloric intake ↓; BMI↓ (intervention site); BMI↑ (control site) | 33 (medium) |
 Transport (n = 4) | ||||
  Moore et al (2018) [74] | Segregated bus track with cycle/walking routes included (n = 1) | Health outcomes: mental health | ↔ (when controlled from baseline) | 36 (high) |
  Macmillan et al. (2018) [73] | New light rail transit (n = 3) | Health behaviours: physical activity. | ↑ (for new users and greater for those living closer proximity); ↓ (for former users) | 34 (high) |
 Multi-component interventions (n = 2) | ||||
  Audrey & Batista-Ferrer (2015) [21] | Relocation to Smart Growth Community (n = 1) | Health behaviours: physical activity | ↔ | 31 (medium) |
  McCartney et al. (2017) [22] | Urban renewal programme (n = 1) | Health outcomes: self-reported health, perception of place. | ↑ (perception of place) ↔ (self-reported health) | 17 (low) |
 Economic interventions (n = 1) | ||||
  Brown et al. (2015) [69] | Traffic congestion charge (n = 1) | Health behaviours: active transport | ↑ | 26 (medium) |