Table 4 Factors associated with parental risk perception of SHS exposure to their child’s health
Simple Linear Regression | Multiple Linear Regression | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Variables | Crude β | 95% CI | t-statistics | p-value | Adj. β§ | 95% CI | t-statistics | p-value |
Parent’s age | 0.01 | −0.01,0.02 | 0.551 | 0.582 | – | – | – | – |
Parental role | ||||||||
Mother | – | – | – | – | ||||
Father | −0.72 | − 0.94,-0.49 | −6.334 | < 0.001 | − 0.25 | − 0.50, 0.01 | −1.826 | 0.057 |
Ethnicity | ||||||||
Othersƚ | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – |
Malay | 0.18 | −0.05, 0.41 | 1.523 | 0.129 | ||||
Education Level | ||||||||
Secondary | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – |
Tertiary | 0.48 | −0.21, 0.74 | 3.526 | 0.001 | ||||
Mother’s Occupationa | ||||||||
Never worked | – | – | – | – | ||||
Managerial & professional | 0.40 | −0.15, 0.95 | 1.445 | 0.150 | 0.60 | 0.13, 1.06 | 2.537 | 0.012 |
Intermediate | 0.32 | −0.10, 0.53 | 2.929 | 0.004 | 0.37 | 0.15, 0.59 | 3.287 | 0.001 |
Small employer/own company | −0.21 | − 0.83, 0.41 | −0.660 | 0.510 | 0.27 | −0.24, 0.79 | 1.040 | 0.300 |
Lower supervisory/technical | 0.24 | −0.31, 0.79 | 0.872 | 0.384 | 0.37 | −0.10, 0.83 | 1.540 | 0.125 |
Semi-routine/ routine | 0.33 | −0.12, 0.77 | 1.444 | 0.150 | 0.61 | 0.21, 1.00 | 2.488 | 0.014 |
Father’s Occupationa | ||||||||
Never worked | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – |
Managerial & professional | 0.37 | −0.18, 0.92 | 1.341 | 0.181 | ||||
Intermediate | 0.19 | −0.02, 0.40 | 1.811 | 0.071 | ||||
Small employer/own company | −0.84 | −1.16,-0.51 | −5.077 | < 0.001 | ||||
Lower supervisory/technical | −0.14 | − 0.41,0.15 | − 0.950 | 0.343 | ||||
Semi-routine/ routine | 0.23 | −0.07, 0.54 | 1.508 | 0.133 | ||||
Parent’s smoking status | ||||||||
Never smoked | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – |
Current smoker | −1.64 | − 1.99,-1.29 | −9.191 | < 0.001 | − 0.93 | − 1.35, 0.51 | −4.395 | < 0.001 |
Former smoker | −0.24 | − 0.68, 0.19 | −1.118 | 0.265 | − 0.04 | − 0.43, 0.36 | − 0.181 | 0.857 |
Number of children | −0.03 | − 0.10, 0.04 | − 0.757 | 0.450 | – | – | – | – |
Lived with an extended family member who was a smoker | −0.43 | − 0.64,-0.22 | − 3.973 | < 0.001 | − 0.33 | − 0.51, − 0.15 | −3.608 | < 0.001 |
Have taught child to stay away from smokers | 0.76 | 0.49,1.04 | 5.443 | < 0.001 | 0.42 | 0.17, 0.66 | 3.386 | 0.001 |
Set household rules for smoking | ||||||||
Never set rules | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – |
Allowed household smoking with open window | −.1.13 | −1.70,-0.57 | −3.957 | < 0.001 | −0.55 | − 1.03, − 0.06 | −2.224 | 0.027 |
Prohibited smoking inside the house | 0.34 | 0.12, 0.55 | 3.121 | 0.002 | 0.19 | 0.01, 0.37 | 2.070 | 0.040 |
Set smoking rules inside the car | ||||||||
Never set rules | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – |
Allowed smoking inside the car with open window | −1.39 | − 1.76,-1.03 | − 7.467 | < 0.001 | ||||
Prohibited smoking inside the car | 0.46 | 0.25,0.68 | 4.237 | < 0.001 | ||||