Comparison of influenza surveillance systems in Australia, China, Malaysia and expert recommendations for influenza control

Table 1 Influenza surveillance seven sub-systems and nineteen comparative outcomes [20]

Surveillance sub-system	Outcome
1. Non-medically attended community surveillance	1.1. ARI/ILI cases and/or incidence rates
community surveillance	1.2. Proportion of ARI/ILI cases seeking care
2. Virological surveillance	2.1. ARI/ILI specimens for virus typing & subtyping
	2.2. ARI/ILI specimens for virus genome sequencing
	2.3. ARI/ILI specimens for antiviral drug resistance
3. Community surveillance	3.1. Notified biologically/laboratory-confirmed cases
4. Outbreak surveillance	4.1. ARI/ILI outbreaks in close settings
4. Outbreak surveillance	4.2. Biologically/laboratory-confirmed outbreaks in close settings
5. Primary care syndromic surveillance	5.1. ARI/ILI GP visits and/or incidence rates
	5.2. Biologically/laboratory-confirmed GP visits and/or incidence rates
	5.3. Influenza-associated excess GP visits
	5.4. Influenza-associated excess work-loss cases
6. Hospital syndromic surveillance	6.1. ILI or biologically/laboratory-confirmed Emergency Department visits
	6.2. SARI/ILI hospital admissions
	6.3. Biologically/laboratory-confirmed hospital admissions
	6.4. Influenza-associated excess hospital admissions
	6.5. Biologically/laboratory-confirmed influenza ICU admissions
7. Mortality surveillance	7.1 Diagnosed or biologically/laboratory-confirmed influenza deaths
7. Mortality surveillance	7.2. Influenza-associated excess deaths

GP general practitioner, ICU intensive care unit, ILI influenza-like illness, (S)ARI (severe) acute respiratory illness;

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