Table 4 Bivariate analysis of factors associated with the presence/absence of acne according to the dermatologist’s diagnosis
Variable | Absence of acne (N = 248) | Presence of acne (N = 124) | p |
|---|---|---|---|
Gender | 0.003 | ||
Male | 94 (77.0%) | 28 (23.0%) | |
Female | 154 (61.6%) | 96 (38.4%) | |
Skin type | < 0.001 | ||
Normal | 77 (87.5%) | 11 (12.5%) | |
Dry | 19 (76.0%) | 6 (24.0%) | |
Mixed | 85 (61.2%) | 54 (38.8%) | |
Oily | 48 (53.3%) | 42 (46.7%) | |
Use of hydrating cream | 0.001 | ||
No | 84 (79.2%) | 22 (20.8%) | |
Yes | 164 (61.7%) | 102 (38.3%) | |
Number of times you wash your face per week | 0.207 | ||
Never | 156 (63.2%) | 91 (36.8%) | |
1–2 times | 35 (74.5%) | 12 (25.5%) | |
3–5 times | 35 (76.1%) | 11 (23.9%) | |
Daily | 22 (68.8%) | 10 (31.3%) | |
Use of medical devices | 0.596 | ||
No | 226 (66.3%) | 115 (33.7%) | |
Yes | 22 (71.0%) | 9 (29.0%) | |
Use of cream powder | 0.149 | ||
No | 180 (69.0%) | 81 (31.0%) | |
Yes | 68 (61.3%) | 43 (38.7%) | |
Stress/sleep deprivation | 0.047 | ||
No | 141 (71.2%) | 57 (28.8%) | |
Yes | 107 (61.5%) | 67 (38.5%) | |
Intake of sugar-based products | 0.354 | ||
1–2 times per week or less | 76 (62.8%) | 45 (37.2%) | |
3–5 times per week | 96 (71.1%) | 39 (28.9%) | |
Every day | 76 (65.5%) | 40 (34.5%) | |
Whey proteins intake | 0.548 | ||
1–2 times per week or less | 227 (66.2%) | 116 (33.8%) | |
3–5 times per week | 15 (68.2%) | 7 (31.8%) | |
Every day | 6 (85.7%) | 1 (14.3%) | |
Dairy products intake | 0.561 | ||
1–2 times per week or less | 39 (60.9%) | 25 (39.1%) | |
3–5 times per week | 107 (68.2%) | 50 (31.8%) | |
Every day | 102 (67.5%) | 49 (32.5%) | |
Carbohydrates intake | 0.258 | ||
1–2 times per week or less | 98 (63.6%) | 56 (36.4%) | |
3–5 times per week | 110 (71.4%) | 44 (28.6%) | |
Every day | 40 (62.5%) | 24 (37.5%) | |
Hours in front of screen | 0.683 | ||
0–1 h | 5 (62.5%) | 3 (37.5%) | |
2–3 h | 67 (70.5%) | 28 (29.5%) | |
4–5 h | 84 (63.2%) | 49 (36.8%) | |
6 h or more | 92 (67.6%) | 44 (32.4%) | |
Smoking | 0.139 | ||
No | 159 (64.1%) | 89 (35.9%) | |
Yes | 89 (71.8%) | 35 (28.2%) | |
Passive smoking daily | 0.161 | ||
No | 143 (69.8%) | 62 (30.2%) | |
Yes | 105 (62.9%) | 62 (37.1%) | |
Living close to a highway/busy road | 0.116 | ||
No | 162 (64.0%) | 91 (36.0%) | |
Yes | 86 (72.3%) | 33 (27.7%) | |
Living close to an electric generator | 0.933 | ||
No | 185 (66.5%) | 93 (33.5%) | |
Yes | 63 (67.0%) | 31 (33.0%) | |
Living near a power plant | 0.728 | ||
No | 219 (66.4%) | 111 (33.6%) | |
Yes | 29 (69.0%) | 13 (31.0%) | |
Working near a power plant | 0.179 | ||
No | 235 (67.5%) | 113 (32.5%) | |
Yes | 13 (54.2%) | 11 (45.8%) | |
Driving a car | 0.650 | ||
No | 28 (63.6%) | 16 (36.4%) | |
Yes | 220 (67.1%) | 108 (32.9%) | |
Using the air condition in the car | 0.745 | ||
No | 14 (70.0%) | 6 (30.0%) | |
Yes | 234 (66.5%) | 118 (33.5%) | |
Hours stuck in traffic per day | 0.266 | ||
Not applicable | 61 (71.8%) | 24 (28.2%) | |
1–2 h per day | 159 (65.4%) | 84 (34.6%) | |
3–4 h per day | 24 (60.0%) | 16 (40.0%) | |
5 or more hours per day | 4 (100.0%) | 0 (0%) | |
Hours of outdoor activities per day | 0.142 | ||
Not applicable | 62 (68.1%) | 29 (31.9%) | |
1–2 h per day | 140 (69.0%) | 63 (31.0%) | |
3–4 h per day | 43 (62.3%) | 26 (37.7%) | |
5 or more hours per day | 3 (33.3%) | 6 (66.7%) | |
Exposure to NO2 categories | 0.079 | ||
None | 26 (74.3%) | 9 (25.7%) | |
Mild | 65 (57.5%) | 48 (42.5%) | |
Moderate | 128 (71.1%) | 52 (28.9%) | |
Severe | 29 (65.9%) | 15 (34.1%) | |
Exposure to CO categories | 0.638 | ||
None | 235 (66.4%) | 119 (33.6%) | |
Mild | 12 (75.0%) | 4 (25.0%) | |
Moderate | 1 (50.0%) | 1 (50.0%) | |
Exposure to SO2 categories | 0.735 | ||
None | 180 (65.9%) | 93 (34.1%) | |
Mild | 53 (70.7%) | 22 (29.3%) | |
Moderate | 14 (63.6%) | 8 (36.4%) | |
Severe | 1 (50.0%) | 1 (50.0%) | |
Exposure to O3 categories | 0.355 | ||
None | 220 (67.1%) | 108 (32.9%) | |
Mild | 28 (65.1%) | 15 (34.9%) | |
Moderate | 0 (0%) | 1 (100.0%) | |
Exposure to PM10 categories | 0.144 | ||
None | 72 (59.5%) | 49 (40.5%) | |
Mild | 90 (69.8%) | 39 (30.2%) | |
Moderate | 72 (68.6%) | 33 (31.4%) | |
Severe | 14 (82.4%) | 3 (17.6%) | |
Exposure to PM2.5 categories | 0.182 | ||
None | 2 (50.0%) | 2 (50.0%) | |
Mild | 51 (58.0%) | 37 (42.0%) | |
Moderate | 150 (70.4%) | 63 (29.6%) | |
Severe | 45 (67.2%) | 22 (32.8%) | |
Age (in years) | 31.10 ± 13.89 | 26.13 ± 9.14 | < 0.001 |
Body Mass Index | 23.99 ± 4.70 | 21.99 ± 3.99 | < 0.001 |
Household crowding index | 0.94 ± 0.44 | 0.90 ± 0.44 | 0.426 |
Number of family members with acne or history of acne | 0.61 ± 0.71 | 0.97 ± 0.82 | < 0.001 |
Times you wash your face per week | |||