How is the way we spend our time related to psychological wellbeing? A cross-sectional analysis of time-use patterns in the general population and their associations with wellbeing and life satisfaction

Table 1 Descriptive statistics of sociodemographic data, time use, and wellbeing variables: total, and by gender

		Total				Female				Male				Difference test
		M / n	SD / %	Min	Max	M / n	SD / %	Min	Max	M / n	SD / %	Min	Max	(by gender)
Age (years)		46.87	17.61	18	100	47.12	17.39	18	100	46.60	17.84	18	100	**
Household income (€)		3120.12	2136.49	100	60,000	3102.43	2048.58	150	60,000	3139.20	2227.35	100	60,000
Number of children in household		0.85	1.25	0	11	0.86	1.24	0	10	0.83	1.26	0	11	**
Gender (1 = female)		15,648	51.90
Region (1 = East)		6122	20.30			3226	20.62			2896	19.97
Education	Low	19,068	63.24			10,151	64.87			8917	61.48
	Medium	3547	11.76			1843	11.78			1704	11.75
	High	7537	25.00			3654	23.35			3883	26.77			***
Employment	None	14,021	46.50			7829	50.03			6192	42.69
	Part-time	4897	16.24			3979	25.43			918	6.33			***
	Full-time	11,234	37.26			3840	24.54			7394.00	50.98			***
Marital status (1 = married)		16,586	55.01			8391	53.62			8195	56.50			***
Self-rated Health		3.50	1.01	1	5	3.42	1.00	1	5	3.59	1.01	1	5	***
Life Satisfaction General		7.40	1.75	0	10	7.42	1.76	0	10	7.39	1.74	0	10	†
	Health	6.85	2.29	0	10	6.72	2.30	0	10	7.00	2.27	0	10	***
	Sleep	6.70	2.27	0	10	6.48	2.33	0	10	6.93	2.17	0	10	***
	Free time	7.06	2.16	0	10	6.99	2.22	0	10	7.15	2.09	0	10	***
	Family	7.97	1.87	0	10	7.94	1.88	0	10	8.01	1.86	0	10	**
Affective wellbeing		14.69	2.73	4	20	14.26	2.82	4	20	15.15	2.55	4	20	***
Work		4.60	4.40	0	21	3.91	4.03	0	21	5.34	4.65	0	17	***
Errands		1.09	0.97	0	16	1.28	1.08	0	16	0.89	0.78	0	16	***
Housework		1.55	1.25	0	23	2.06	1.34	0	23	0.95	0.80	0	10	***
Child Care		1.60	3.41	0	24	2.30	4.27	0	24	0.85	1.84	0	24	***
Care		0.18	1.06	0	24	0.23	1.22	0	24	0.12	0.85	0	24	*
Education		0.63	1.87	0	20	0.57	1.79	0	20	0.69	1.95	0	20
Repairs & garden		0.60	0.89	0	12	0.47	0.77	0	12	0.74	0.98	0	10
Physical activity		0.64	0.77	0	12	0.60	0.73	0	10	0.68	0.82	0	12
Leisure		1.77	1.84	0	16	1.72	1.76	0	15	1.83	1.92	0	16
N / n		30,152				15,648				14,504

Note. Test significance: ***p ≤ .001, **p ≤ .01, *p ≤ .05, †p ≤ .10. Care: care and support of persons in need of care; Leisure: hobbies and other leisure-time activities

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