Table 2 The association between child, parental, and household characteristics with the risk of wasting and stunting at 6 months and 24 months

 Female

0.95 (0.81–1.13)

0.70 (0.61–0.80) **

0.70 (0.61–0.80) **

0.80 (0.74–0.86) **

0.79 (0.74–0.86) **

0.91 (0.88–0.93) **

0.90 (0.88–0.93) **

 Lean season birth

0.58 (0.48–0.70)**

0.63 (0.49–0.82) **

1.37 (1.20–1.56) **

1.19 (1.02–1.38) *

1.03 (0.95–1.11)

1.00 (0.97–1.02)

 Lean season visit

1.52 (1.29–1.81)**

1.11 (0.88–1.40)

1.39 (1.22–1.59) **

1.25 (1.08–1.45) **

0.96 (0.89–1.04)

0.99 (0.96–1.01)

 Currently breastfed

0.72 (0.29–1.80)

1.35 (1.09–1.66) **

1.33 (1.08–1.64) **

1.30 (0.72–2.36)

1.11 (1.07–1.15) **

1.11 (1.07–1.15) **

 Mother literate

0.90 (0.75–1.09)

0.81 (0.70–0.94)**

0.89 (0.76–1.05) +

0.96 (0.89–1.05)

0.96 (0.93–0.99) **

0.97 (0.94–1.01) +

 Father literate

0.91 (0.76–1.07)

0.88 (0.77–1.01) +

0.99 (0.85–1.15)

0.91 (0.84–0.98) *

0.95 (0.88–1.02) +

0.97 (0.95–1.00) *

1.00 (0.97–1.03)

 Mother short stature (< 155 cm)

1.15 (0.96–1.37) +

1.18 (0.99–1.41) +

1.18 (1.03–1.36) *

1.23 (1.07–1.41) **

1.48 (1.38–1.60) **

1.49 (1.38–1.61) **

1.19 (1.16–1.22) **

1.20 (1.17–1.23) **

 Maternal BMI at enrollment (per unit increase in kg/m²)

0.99 (0.95–1.02)

0.92 (0.89–0.94) **

0.93 (0.90–0.95) **

0.97 (0.96–0.99) **

0.97 (0.96–0.99) **

0.99 (0.98–0.99) **

0.99 (0.98–1.00) **

 Maternal MUAC < 22 cm

1.28 (0.80–2.04)

1.33 (0.93–1.91) +

0.98 (0.68–1.40)

1.11 (0.89–1.38)

1.08 (1.01–1.16) *

1.00 (0.93–1.08)

 Maternal Age

1.02 (1.01–1.03) **

1.02 (1.01–1.03) **

1.01 (1.00–1.02)

1.00 (0.99–1.00)

1.00 (1.00–1.00) *

1.00 (1.00–1.00)

 Number of children under 5 years in household

1.02 (0.96–1.07)

1.03 (0.98–1.08)

1.02 (1.00–1.05) +

1.04 (1.01–1.06) **

1.00 (0.99–1.01)

 Nomadic pastoralist tribe

1.20 (0.81–1.80)

1.45 (1.07–1.95) *

1.24 (0.92–1.66) +

1.17 (0.99–1.40) +

1.09 (0.92–1.30)

1.06 (0.99–1.13) +

1.03 (0.96–1.10)

 Poorest

1.00

1.00

1.00

1.00

1.00

1.00

1.00

1.00

 Poor

1.01 (0.79–1.30)

0.99 (0.77–1.26)

1.04 (0.86–1.25)

1.05 (0.87–1.26)

1.01 (0.91–1.13)

0.98 (0.88–1.10)

0.98 (0.94–1.02)

0.97 (0.94–1.01) +

 Middle

0.85 (0.65–1.10)

0.83 (0.64–1.08) +

0.96 (0.78–1.17)

1.01 (0.83–1.23)

0.95 (0.85–1.07)

0.95 (0.85–1.06)

0.98 (0.94–1.02)

0.98 (0.94–1.02)

 Wealthy

0.75 (0.57–0.99)*

0.75 (0.57–0.99) *

0.78 (0.63–0.96) *

0.81 (0.65–1.01) +

0.84 (0.74–0.95) **

0.85 (0.75–0.96) **

0.95 (0.92–1.00) *

0.95 (0.91–0.99) *

 Wealthiest

0.78 (0.60–1.02) +

0.81 (0.62–1.05) +

0.74 (0.59–0.91) **

0.82 (0.66–1.02) +

0.80 (0.71–0.91) **

0.83 (0.74–0.94) **

0.91 (0.87–0.95) **

0.92 (0.88–0.96) **