Table 2 Summary of studies and their findings on the relationship between electronic media devices and sleep outcomes among 0–5-year-olds
From: Electronic media use and sleep in children and adolescents in western countries: a systematic review
Electronic media device | Measured at bedtime | Sleep outcomes | Study design | Quality Assessment | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Â | Â | Delayed bedtime or sleep onset latency | Poor sleep quality | Short sleep duration | Daytime sleep duration/ Daytime tiredness | Â | Â |
Television | |||||||
 Beyens 2019 | No | + |  | +/0 | + | Cross-sectional | Moderate |
Yes | + | Â | +/0 | 0 | Â | Â | |
 Cespedes 2014 | No |  |  | + |  | Cohort study | Moderate |
 Cheung 2017 | No | 0 | 0 | 0 | + | Cross-sectional | Moderate |
 Marinelli 2014 | No |  |  | + |  | Cohort study | Moderate |
 McDonald 2014 | Yes |  |  | + |  | Cross-sectional | Moderate |
 Moorman 2019 | No | 0 |  | + | + | Cross-sectional | Moderate |
Yes | + | Â | + | 0 | Â | Â | |
 Plancoulaine 2018 | No |  |  | + |  | Cohort study | Moderate |
Video game (console) | |||||||
 Beyens 2019 | No | 0 |  | 0 | 0 | Cross-sectional | Moderate |
Yes | 0 | Â | 0 | 0 | Â | Â | |
 Moorman 2019 | No | + |  | 0 | 0 | Cross-sectional | Moderate |
Yes | + | Â | 0 | Â | Â | Â | |
 Nathanson 2018 | No | 0 |  | 0 | 0 | Cross-sectional | Moderate |
Yes | 0 | Â | 0 | 0 | Â | Â | |
Mobile phone | |||||||
 Beyens 2019 | No | 0 |  | 0 | +/0 | Cross-sectional | Moderate |
Yes | 0 | Â | 0 | + | Â | Â | |
 Nathanson 2018 | No | 0 |  | 0 | 0 | Cross-sectional | Moderate |
Yes | + | Â | 0 | 0 | Â | Â | |
Touchscreen/tablet | |||||||
 Beyens 2019 | No | + |  | +/0 | + | Cross-sectional | Moderate |
Yes | + | Â | +/0 | +/0 | Â | Â | |
 Cheung 2017 | No | + | 0 | + | 0 | Cross-sectional | Moderate |
 Nathanson 2018 | No | + |  | + | 0 | Cross-sectional | Moderate |
Yes | + | Â | + | 0 | Â | Â | |
Computer/internet | |||||||
 Beyens 2019 | No | 0 |  | 0 | 0 | Cross-sectional | Moderate |
Yes | 0 | Â | 0 | 0 | Â | Â | |
 Moorman 2019 | No | 0 |  | +/0 | 0 | Cross-sectional | Moderate |
Yes | 0 | Â | 0 | 0 | Â | Â | |
 Nathanson 2018 | No | 0 |  | 0 | 0 | Cross-sectional | Moderate |
Yes | 0 | Â | 0 | 0 | Â | Â | |
Total screen time | |||||||
 Parent 2016 | No |  | + | + |  | Cross-sectional | Moderate |
 Ribner 2019 | No |  |  | + | 0 | Cross-sectional | Moderate |
 Xu 2016 | No | + | – | + |  | Cohort study | Moderate |
 Zhang 2018 | No |  | 0 | 0 |  | Cross-sectional | Moderate |
Electronic media devices in the bedroom | |||||||
 Cespedes 2014 |  |  |  | +/0 |  | Cohort study | Moderate |
 Moorman 2019 |  | + |  | 0 | 0 | Cross-sectional | Moderate |
Media content | |||||||
 Garrison 2012 | No |  | + |  |  | RCT | Moderate |