Table 4 Comparison of the mean score of predisposing, enabling, and reinforcing factors before and 3 months after the intervention in two groups

Predisposing Factors

Knowledge (0–24)

Intervention

10.48 ± 3.37

18.93 ± 2.77

< 0.001

Control

10.40 ± 2.98

11.66 ± 3.54

< 0.001

P-Value**

0.091

< 0.001

Attitude (7–21)

Intervention

18.70 ± 2.00

19.82 ± 1.99

< 0.001

Control

18.80 ± 2.01

19.01 ± 1.81

0.14

P-Value**

0.93

< 0.001

Perceived Susceptibility (3–9)

Intervention

7.41 ± 1.45

7.87 ± 1.40

< 0.001

Control

7.45 ± 1.49

7.81 ± 1.27

0.005

P-Value**

0.74

0.04

Perceived Severity (10–30)

Intervention

24.11 ± 3.89

28.36 ± 3.39

< 0.001

Control

23.00 ± 4.22

23.44 ± 4.05

0.30

P-Value**

0.05

< 0.001

Perceived Benefit (11–33)

Intervention

29.08 ± 3.35

31.95 ± 1.96

< 0.001

Control

29.51 ± 3.24

29.41 ± 3.21

0.51

P-Value**

0.26

< 0.001

Subjective Norms (3–9)

Intervention

8.26 ± 1.07

8.65 ± 0.83

< 0.001

Control

8.22 ± 1.19

8.19 ± 1.20

0.30

P-Value**

0.63

< 0.001

Motivation to Comply (3–9)

Intervention

7.71 ± 1.45

8.44 ± 1.13

< 0.001

Control

7.46 ± 1.53

7.29 ± 1.62

0.23

P-Value**

0.11

< 0.001

Observational Learning (3–9)

Intervention

7.13 ± 1.89

8.07 ± 1.63

< 0.001

Control

7.25 ± 1.57

6.72 ± 1.86

0.007

P-Value**

0.94

< 0.001

Enabling Factors

Perceived Barrier (6–18)

Intervention

8.61 ± 2.29

7.45 ± 2.33

< 0.001

Control

8.20 ± 1.94

8.30 ± 2.82

0.81

P-Value**

0.25

< 0.001

Self-Efficacy (5–15)

Intervention

13.29 ± 2.29

14.36 ± 1.23

< 0.001

Control

13.18 ± 2.22

13.17 ± 2.09

0.74

P-Value**

0.49

< 0.001

Perceived Behavioral Control (6–18)

Intervention

14.14 ± 2.76

16.37 ± 2.16

< 0.001

Control

14.35 ± 2.83

14.42 ± 2.93

0.92

P-Value**

0.49

< 0.001

Tooth Brushing Skill (0–12)

Intervention

5.72 ± 2.27

10.72 ± 1.75

< 0.001

Control

6.44 ± 2.77

5.59 ± 2.15

0.01

P-Value**

0.01

< 0.001

Ancova

–

< 0.001

Reinforcing Factors

Social Support (4–12)

Intervention

9.99 ± 2.12

11.00 ± 1.61

< 0.001

Control

9.54 ± 2.06

9.44 ± 2.35

0.72

P-Value**

0.02

< 0.001

Ancova

–

< 0.001

Social Reinforcement (5–15)

Intervention

12.15 ± 2.76

13.88 ± 1.85

< 0.001

Control

12.14 ± 2.47

11.75 ± 2.92

0.14

P-Value**

0.07

< 0.001

Behavior

Intention Behavior (0–4)

Intervention

3.19 ± 1.27

3.73 ± 0.68

< 0.001

Control

3.74 ± 0.67

3.33 ± 1.10

0.62

P-Value**

0.02

< 0.001

Ancova

–

< 0.001