Table 2 Intervention Characteristics
Author, Year | Setting | Intervention | Comparison | Interventionist | Duration/ Data Collection Time Points | Theoretical Framework/ Model | CBPR Approach | Recruitment Strategies | Culturally Adapted Strategies | Incentives |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Hess, 2007 [21] | Barbershop | Staff delivered intervention- Physician referral for follow up with BP report card for ongoing feedback Role model stories depicting successful risk reduction strategies adopted by hypertensive African American men | Both groups received written results of the 3 BP screenings and standard recommendations for interval medical follow-up | Researcher/Research Staff | 8 months/ Baseline and post-intervention | Social Cognitive Theory | Not reported | Not reported | Intervention delivered by African American research assistants and medical/premedical students supervised by an African American nurse | Barbers Customers |
Hess, 2007 [21] | Barbershop | Barbers delivered the intervention- Blood Pressure report cards to be signed by provider and returned to barber | American Heart Association brochures titled High BP in African Americans | Barbers | 14 months/ Post-intervention | Social Cognitive Theory | Not reported | Not reported | Not reported | Barbers Customers |
Wilson, 2008 [27] | Hair Salon | Intervention designed to promote stylist’s skills and motivation to provide correct and consistent breast health info to female clients on an ongoing basis. Breast health recommendations included monthly breast self-exams, annual clinical breast exams, and routine mammography for women 40 + . Stylists to promote client skills, self-efficacy, and motivation for engaging in breast health behaviors Written materials for clients on where to get services for breast cancer detection and treatment | No-treatment control | Hair Stylists | 3 months/ Baseline and 1–3 post-intervention | Social Cognitive Theory | Yes | List of salons from targeted neighborhoods generated via phone book listings and internet by zip codes. Randomly selected salons and contacted owners to assess willingness to participate in study. | No description | Hair Stylists |
Holt, 2010 [51] | Barbershop | Health messages about CaP and CRC delivered by barbers to clients. Barbers help with strategies for informed decision making about screening supported by posters, print materials, and videos | Not reported | Barbers | 3 months/ Baseline and post-intervention | Not reported | Yes | Barbershops recruited and trained by the community partnership | Community advisory panel developed intervention and recruited barbers | Customers |
Johnson, 2010 [20] | Hair Salon | 3 scripted motivational sessions during clients’ service appointments encouraging them to adopt healthy behaviors- 1) Role modeling 2) Motivation 3) Check-in and recognition Information packets- 4 pages of info on fruit/vegetable consumption, PA, and water consumption reviewed by dieticians Starter kits- Samples of fruits/vegetables and a bottle of water given at sessions 1 and 3 | No treatment control at second salon | Hair Stylists | 6 weeks/ Post-intervention | Not reported | Not reported | Stylists were screened to assess value of evidence-based health and any changes to the stylist’s personal health in the last 12 months. | Broad overall health changes instead of specific numerical goals with focus on efficacy. Materials reviewed by African American women before study | Not reported |
Luque, 2011 [53] | Barbershop | CaP education materials developed by research team (brochure/poster, video, and Flipchart) tailored for African American men adapted from early detection/screening to informed decision-making for PCS guidelines. Plastic prostate model, barber talking points card, and community resources list | Not applicable | Barbers | one session during client visit to barbershop/ post-intervention | Not reported | Yes | Community health agency helped identify 2 barbershops. Snowball strategy from initial 2 barbershops resulting in 2 more barbershops. Clients- convenience sample of barbershops | Education materials tailored for African American men via learner verification and then piloted with African American men. | Not reported |
Sadler, 2011 [29] | Hair Salon | Cosmetologists were to engage clients in conversation about adhering to BC screening guidelines for them, family, and friends, and importance of early detection (CBE and mammography) and treatment. A series of eight laminated “Mirror Challenges” were sequentially posted in a corner of the cosmetologists’ mirror. Relevant articles from lay newspapers and magazines trusted by the African American community were laminated and given to cosmetologists. A 3-ring binder of info was used as well. A soft plastic BC model to show how a BC lump felt and string of clay beads to depict various sizes of BC lumps given. BC posters with images of African American women throughout salon. | Diabetes education intervention identical to BC intervention in all ways but content | Hair Stylists | 6 months/ baseline and 6 months | Health Belief Model | Yes | African American church members helped recruit cosmetologists and facilitate meeting with study leader. Clients recruited via African American research assistant or stylists. | Ancestral storytelling | Hair Stylists Customers |
Barbershop | Barbers offered repeated BP checks during haircuts, gave repeated personalized sex-specific health messages to promote physician follow up Posters with barbershop patrons modeling HTN treatment behaviors and testimonials Patrons with elevated BP recommended to follow up with a physician (or study nurse) Patrons with elevated BP received referral cards to give physicians for feedback and to document patron-physician interaction | Standard HTN education pamphlets from the AHA written for a broad audience of black men and women | Barbers | 10 months/ Baseline and 10 months | Adapted from the AIDS Community Demonstration Projects that mobilized community peers to deliver intervention messages (specific action items) with role model stories and made medical equipment available in the daily environment | Not-reported | Barbershops selected to represent 4 geographic areas > 95% black male clientele > 10 years in business > 3 barbers | Not-reported | Barbers Customers | |
Odedina, 2014 [52] | Barbershop | A prostate cancer education video “Working through Outreach to Reduce Disparity (W.O.R.D.) on Prostate Cancer” Focuses on explaining the risk factors for CaP, how to reduce the risk for CaP, and informed decision making about CaP screening. Barbershop conversation teaches main character importance of CaP prevention (CaP survivor shares his story). As a result, he decides to follow up with doctor. | Not applicable | African American actors portraying barbers, clients, ministers, and doctors | 25 min/ Baseline and post-intervention | Personal Integrative Model of Prostate Cancer Disparity (PIPCaD) model Health Communication Process Model | Not reported | Not applicable | Using African American actors to model desired behaviors for target population (African American men) Video setting in a barbershop | Customers |
Sadler, 2014 [30] | Hair Salon | Diabetes education intervention to increase diabetes knowledge, change diabetes attitudes, and increase diabetes screening behaviors among African American women. Article references Sadler 2011 with details of BC intervention that is comparable to diabetes intervention with only difference being content. | BC education intervention identical to diabetes intervention in all ways but content | Hair Stylists | 6 months/ baseline and 6 months | Health Belief Model | Not reported | African American church members helped recruit cosmetologists and facilitate meeting with study leader. Clients recruited via African American research assistant or stylists. | Ancestral storytelling | Hair stylists |
Frencher, 2016 [50] | Barbershop | 2 Decision Support Instruments in DVD format: VCU- culturally tailored to African American men FIMDM- general audience Both present treatment options for CaP | DSI DVD designed for general audience | Researcher/Research Staff | One-time intervention, 30 min/ 3 months post-intervention | Not reported | Yes | Recruited from Black Barbershop Health Outreach Program (BBHOP) and other non-BBHOP barbershops. Recruitment was scripted and letters of support and consent for research were obtained from owners. | VCU’s DSI DVD tailored to African American men using focus group data from African American men to develop the decision tool. The cast in the video are mostly African American | Barbers Customers |
Cole, 2017 [55] | Barbershop | 3 arms (PN, MINT, PLUS); cross randomized PN: Patient navigation for CRC screening. 2+ phone calls: 1) education 2) screening readiness assessment & barriers. PN encourage colonoscopy appt. Within 2 weeks. Or FIT if preferred. | MINT: motivational interviewing and goal setting, 4 sessions PLUS: PN + MINT All: Printed education materials from American Cancer Society and NHLBI | CHWs/Trained Counselors | 6 months/ 2 weeks and 6 months | Not reported | Not reported | Barbershops were identified by study staff from densely populated African American neighborhoods. Participants (customers and local residents) recruited during screening event at barbershop. | Not reported | Not reported |
Victor, 2018 [44] | Barbershop | Barbers measured BP and encouraged follow up with pharmacist Pharmacists met regularly with participants in barbershops, prescribed meds, measured BP, encouraged lifestyle changes, and monitored plasma electrolyte levels Pharmacists followed up with participants’ physician (via progress notes) Pharmacists interviewed participants to generate peer-experience stories (posted on shop walls), reviewed blood-pressure trends, and gave participants $25 per pharmacist visit to offset the costs of generic drugs and transportation to pharmacies. 2 BP screening results with follow up recommendations and identification cards, follow up calls at 3mos, culturally specific health sessions, and vouchers for haircuts | Active control approach (in which barbers encouraged lifestyle modification and doctor appointment) | Medical Professionals-Pharmacists | 6 months/ Baseline and 6 months | Peer learning | Not reported | Not reported | No description | Customers |
Victor, 2019 [45] | Barbershop | Barbers measured BP and encouraged follow up with pharmacist Pharmacists met regularly with participants in barbershops, prescribed meds, measured BP, encouraged lifestyle changes, and monitored plasma electrolyte levels Pharmacists followed up with participants’ physician (via progress notes) Pharmacists interviewed participants to generate peer-experience stories (posted on shop walls), reviewed BP trends, and gave participants $25 per pharmacist visit to offset the costs of generic drugs and transportation to pharmacies. 2 BP screening results with follow up recommendations and identification cards, follow up calls at 3mos and 9mos, culturally specific health sessions, and vouchers for haircuts | Instruction about BP and lifestyle modification | Medical professionals-Pharmacists | 12 months/ baseline, 6 months, and 12 months | Not reported | Not reported | Not reported | No description | Customers |