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Table 7 Causality test results

From: The nexus between health status and health expenditure, energy consumption and environmental pollution: empirical evidence from SAARC-BIMSTEC regions

Null Hypothesis:

W-Stat.

Prob.

Decision

LNPUH does not cause LNHS

3.495***

0.000

LNPUH ↔ LNHS (bidirectional causality)

LNHS does not cause LNPUH

2.783**

0.012

LNPVH does not cause LNHS

3.786***

0.000

LNPVH ↔ LNHS (bidirectional causality

LNHS does not cause LNPVH

2.454**

0.046

LNENC does not cause LNHS

5.315***

0.000

LNENC→ LNHS (unidirectional causality)

LNHS does not cause LNENC

1.623

0.501

LNCO2 does not cause LNHS

9.660***

0.000

LNCO2↔ LNHS (bidirectional causality)

LNHS does not cause LNCO2

3.265***

0.000

LNPERGDP does not cause LNHS

9.837***

0.000

LNPERGDP ↔LNHS (bidirectional causality)

LNHS does not cause LNPERGDP

3.094***

0.003

LNSAN does not cause LNHS

19.951***

0.000

LNSAN ↔ LNHS (bidirectional causality)

LNHS does not cause LNSAN

37.283***

0.000

  1. Note: ***, **, and * denote significance level at 1, 5 and 10%, respectively
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BMC Public Health

ISSN: 1471-2458

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