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Table 6 Hazard ratios of the risk of infant, child and under-five mortality in the association with relevant child-specific, mother-specific and socio-economic covariates across EAG and non-EAG regions of India using random-intercept Weibull survival regression models respectively

From: Differential in infant, childhood and under-five death clustering among the empowered and non-empowered action group regions in India

Characteristics

Infant mortality (0–11 months)

Child mortality (12–59 months)

Under-5 mortality (0–59 months)

Non-EAG Region

EAG Region

Non-EAG Region

EAG Region

Non-EAG Region

EAG Region

HR

95% CI

HR

95% CI

HR

95% CI

HR

95% CI

HR

95% CI

HR

95% CI

Survival status of previous sibling at the time of conception of index child

  

Alive®

 Dead

1.67*

(1.55–1.80)

1.38*

(1.32–1.44)

1.26*

(1.10–1.43)

0.83*

(0.77–0.90)

1.46*

(1.37–1.56)

1.24*

(1.20–1.29)

 Has no preceding sibling

–

 

–

 

–

 

–

 

–

 

–

 

Birth interval preceding to index child (in months)

 28 and more months®

            

 19–27 months

1.43*

(1.36–1.50)

1.71*

(1.65–1.76)

1.40*

(1.28–1.52)

1.73*

(1.64–1.82)

1.44*

(1.38–1.50)

1.74*

(1.69–1.78)

 Less than 19 months

2.71*

(2.58–2.84)

3.15*

(3.05–3.26)

1.86*

(1.70–2.05)

2.43*

(2.29–2.58)

2.55*

(2.44–2.66)

3.05*

(2.97–3.14)

 Has no preceding sibling

–

 

–

 

–

 

–

 

–

 

–

 

Birth order of index child

 1–2®

            

 3

1.11*

(1.06–1.16)

1.04*

(1.00–1.07)

1.20*

(1.10–1.31)

1.17*

(1.11–1.24)

1.12*

(1.07–1.17)

1.07*

(1.04–1.10)

 4

1.19*

(1.12–1.26)

1.09*

(1.05–1.14)

1.50*

(1.34–1.68)

1.25*

(1.17–1.34)

1.22*

(1.16–1.29)

1.12*

(1.08–1.16)

 5 and more

1.30*

(1.22–1.40)

1.12*

(1.08–1.18)

1.93*

(1.71–2.18)

1.27*

(1.18–1.37)

1.35*

(1.27–1.44)

1.13*

(1.09–1.17)

Birth cohort of index child

 2010–2016®

            

 2005–2009

0.92*

(0.88–0.97)

1.01

(0.98–1.05)

1.25*

(1.11–1.40)

1.53*

(1.42–1.64)

0.83*

(0.80–0.87)

0.94*

(0.91–0.96)

 2000–2004

0.94*

(0.89–0.98)

1.05*

(1.02–1.09)

1.51*

(1.35–1.68)

1.78*

(1.65–1.92)

0.88*

(0.84–0.91)

1.00

(0.97–1.03)

 1995–1999

0.98

(0.93–1.03)

1.21*

(1.17–1.25)

1.73*

(1.54–1.94)

2.36*

(2.19–2.54)

0.93*

(0.89–0.98)

1.19*

(1.15–1.22)

 1990–1994

1.13*

(1.07–1.19)

1.41*

(1.36–1.46)

2.06*

(1.82–2.33)

3.14*

(2.90–3.41)

1.08*

(1.03–1.14)

1.43*

(1.38–1.48)

 1970–1989

1.37*

(1.28–1.46)

1.72*

(1.64–1.80)

3.03*

(2.64–3.48)

4.13*

(3.76–4.53)

1.37*

(1.29–1.45)

1.77*

(1.70–1.85)

Gender of child

 Male®

            

 Female

0.82*

(0.79–0.84)

0.87*

(0.85–0.89)

1.07*

(1.01–1.13)

1.44*

(1.38–1.49)

0.86*

(0.84–0.88)

0.97*

(0.95–0.99)

Mother’s age during birth of index child (in years)

 20–24®

            

 Less than 20

1.32*

(1.27–1.37)

1.37*

(1.34–1.41)

1.25*

(1.16–1.36)

1.19*

(1.13–1.26)

1.30*

(1.26–1.35)

1.34*

(1.31–1.37)

 25–29

0.98

(0.94–1.02)

0.97

(0.95–1.00)

0.93

(0.85–1.01)

0.98

(0.93–1.04)

0.97

(0.94–1.01)

0.98

(0.95–1.00)

 30 and more

1.20*

(1.13–1.27)

1.09*

(1.05–1.14)

0.89

(0.79–1.01)

1.06

(0.98–1.15)

1.14*

(1.08–1.20)

1.09*

(1.05–1.13)

Mother’s anaemia status

 Not anaemic®

            

 Moderately anaemic

1.07*

(1.03–1.11)

1.00

(0.98–1.03)

1.05

(0.98–1.12)

1.07*

(1.02–1.12)

1.07*

(1.04–1.10)

1.02

(1.00–1.04)

 Severely anaemic

1.20*

(1.15–1.26)

1.20*

(1.17–1.24)

1.15*

(1.05–1.26)

1.11*

(1.04–1.18)

1.20*

(1.15–1.25)

1.19*

(1.16–1.23)

Mother’s level of education

 Secondary or Higher®

            

 Upto Primary

1.24*

(1.18–1.29)

1.20*

(1.15–1.24)

1.38*

(1.25–1.51)

1.37*

(1.26–1.49)

1.25*

(1.20–1.31)

1.20*

(1.16–1.24)

 No formal schooling

1.26*

(1.21–1.31)

1.23*

(1.20–1.27)

1.50*

(1.38–1.63)

1.72*

(1.61–1.85)

1.30*

(1.25–1.35)

1.29*

(1.25–1.33)

Caste of the household

 Scheduled Tribes®

            

 Scheduled Castes

1.08*

(1.02–1.14)

1.19*

(1.15–1.23)

0.80*

(0.73–0.89)

0.98

(0.92–1.04)

1.01

(0.97–1.06)

1.14*

(1.10–1.18)

 Other Backward Classes

1.06*

(1.00–1.11)

1.10*

(1.06–1.14)

0.79*

(0.71–0.87)

0.80*

(0.75–0.85)

0.99

(0.95–1.04)

1.02

(0.99–1.05)

 Others

1.07*

(1.02–1.13)

1.07*

(1.03–1.12)

0.73*

(0.66–0.81)

0.76*

(0.71–0.83)

0.99

(0.95–1.04)

0.99

(0.96–1.03)

Religion of the household

 Hinduism®

            

 Islam

1.03

(0.99–1.08)

0.93*

(0.90–0.96)

1.07

(0.97–1.18)

1.06

(0.99–1.13)

1.04

(1.00–1.09)

0.96*

(0.93–0.99)

 Others

0.87*

(0.83–0.92)

0.87*

(0.80–0.94)

1.17*

(1.07–1.27)

1.03

(0.90–1.19)

0.92*

(0.88–0.96)

0.89*

(0.83–0.96)

Place of residence

 Urban®

            

 Rural

1.10*

(1.06–1.15)

0.97

(0.94–1.00)

1.04

(0.96–1.13)

0.94

(0.89–1.01)

1.10*

(1.06–1.14)

0.97*

(0.94–1.00)

Household Wealth Quintile

 Richest®

            

 Richer

1.16*

(1.09–1.22)

1.32*

(1.25–1.39)

1.18*

(1.04–1.34)

1.55*

(1.37–1.74)

1.16*

(1.10–1.22)

1.36*

(1.29–1.42)

 Middle

1.33*

(1.26–1.41)

1.50*

(1.42–1.58)

1.45*

(1.28–1.64)

1.88*

(1.67–2.11)

1.36*

(1.29–1.43)

1.56*

(1.49–1.64)

 Poorer

1.56*

(1.47–1.65)

1.71*

(1.62–1.80)

1.99*

(1.75–2.27)

2.32*

(2.07–2.60)

1.64*

(1.56–1.74)

1.82*

(1.73–1.90)

 Poorest

1.73*

(1.61–1.85)

1.95*

(1.85–2.05)

2.54*

(2.21–2.93)

3.13*

(2.79–3.51)

1.89*

(1.77–2.01)

2.16*

(2.06–2.26)

 Number of mothers

237,069

238,388

237,069

238,388

237,069

238,388

 Number of births

580,737

717,280

580,737

717,280

580,737

717,280

  1. Note – (1) HR Hazard Ratio; 95% CI 95% Confidence Intervals. (2) Statistical significance is denoted by asterisks where * denotes p-value < 0.05. (3)® denotes the reference category
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