Table 2 Summary of the studies included in the present scoping review

David et al. [19]

Safety, Trust, and Treatment: Mental Health Service Delivery for Women Who Are Homeless

USA

 Non interventional

-Gender (Women)

-Homelessness

-Substance use or co-morbid substance use and mental illness

Over 300

Race/ethnicity:

white(36.2%), black (53.6%), Hispanic/Latina(12.2%), Native American(1.2%), and other(1.2%). Age: 18–34 (30%) 35–55 (64%), 56 ≤ (6%)

gender-specific and culturally informed services that were provided by peer mentors for example assisting clients with finding transportation, learning bus schedules, or practicing for a driver’s license test; making and attending medical and behavioral health appointments,..

Psychosocial functioning

-days of drug use

- depression, anxiety, and hallucinations

- the rate of employment, attendance at treatment related appointments

-significant reductions in days of drug use, depression, anxiety, and hallucinations

-higher rates of employment, attendance at treatment-related appointments, and job training programs at follow-up

- 55% of the program participants were placed in housing

- Four principles that guide the effective provision of services to these women include: (1) the use of peer support, (2) provision of flexible resources in alow demand environment, (3) supportive program leadership, and (4) treatment delivered for and by women.

Kelly & Pich [20]

Community-based PTSD Treatment for Ethnically Diverse Women Who Experienced Intimate Partner Violence:

A Feasibility Study

USA

pretest/post-test intervention

-Gender (Women)

-Immigrant

-Race/ ethnicity

-IPV

-PTSD

22

Age: 36.7 (Range:19–58)

Education (years): 10.7 (0–14)

Years in USA: 17.9 (7–40)

Time with abuser (years): 6.2 (1–17)

Separated from abuser (months): 9.3 (2–24)

Immigration status

Group 1: Spanish-speaking immigrants:

Legal resident: 3

Undocumented: 7

Groups 2–3: English proficiency:

Spanish-speaking group US citizen: 12

None to minimal: 6

Moderate to fluent: 4

-The initial intervention consisted of 6–10 sessions of weekly psychotherapy groups, using a synthesis of supportive psychotherapy,including psycho-education and self-care strategies.

-The initial intervention was revised for the third group, with the addition of ACT.

-PTSD symptoms

-Depression symptoms

-HrQOL

-Self rated health

-Self efficacy

-Social support

Compared to the baseline, PTSD symptoms had decreased at 6 months post-intervention (p = 0.003); depression symptoms decreased at all post-intervention time-points (2 weeks (p ≤ 0.002), 3 months (p ≤ 0.004), and 6 months post- intervention (p ≤ 0.000)); Self-reported mental health-related QoL improved at 3 months (p = 0.013) and 6 months post intervention (p = 0.003); and Self-efficacy significantly improved at 6-month follow-up (p = 0.020). Improvement of physical health-related QoL and perceived social support scores at each time-point compared with baseline were not statistically significant.

Montgomery [21]

Adapting a Brief Evidence-Based Intervention for Text Message Delivery to Young Adult Black Women

USA

Phase 2: RCT

-Gender (women)

-Age (young adult)

-Ethnicity (black)

Baseline Surveys

Submitted (n = 92);

Randomized to the Intervention Group(n = 45) & control group(n = 47)

Age: 21.07 ± 1.73 (Range: 18–24)

Ethnicity: Black

Gender: Female

Education: Some college, but no bachelor degree (59.1%)

Employment: Employed, working 1–39 h per week (65.9%)

sending 24 text message (Intervention Group: regarding sexual health; Control group: regarding diet and exercise)

-Primary outcome: Condom use

-Secondary Outcomes:

• condom use self-efficacy

• condom use intentions

• sexual relationship power

-Between baseline and follow-up, condom use frequency increased among participants in both study groups. However, there was no significant time by group interaction. Furthermore, while condom use self-efficacy and intention significantly increased among participants in both groups, no time by group interaction was found. Intention was identified as a main predictor of condom use at baseline and follow-up.

Kisler [22]

Minority Stress and HIV Risk Behavior among HIV-Positive Bisexual Black Men with Histories of Childhood Sexual Abuse

USA

RCT

-Gender(Men)

-Disease (HIV-positive)

-Ethnicity (Black)

-Sexual Orientation (Men sex with men and women)

Baseline (n = 117);

The ES-HIM intervention condition / the HP control condition sample included 88 (44 per condition)

Age: 45.77 ± 8.81 (Range:24–67)

Ethnicity: Black

Gender: male

Education: High school diploma (35.9%)

Employment: Unable to work or disabled (55.2%)

Monthly Income: $833–$1042 (38.9%)

Marital Status: Never married (75%)

Providing group discussions (intervention condition: topics related to reducing HIV risk behavior and symptoms of depression and posttraumatic stress; Control condition: topics related to general health and medication adherence)

- HIV risk behavior (Main outcome)

-Perceived Internalized racism

-Perceived internalized homophobia

-Internalized racism did not decrease over the four time points for either the group as a whole, or by intervention condition.

-Internalized homophobia, significantly diminished over the four time points for the group as a whole, but no differences between the ES-HIM intervention and Health Promotion control condition were found.

-Finally, frequency of HIV risk behavior (i.e., intercourse without a condom) also decreased from baseline to post-intervention assessment for the group as a whole, but no intervention effects were found.