Table 3 Bivariate analysis for association of different factors affecting hookah smoking
From: Prevalence of hookah smoking and associated factors among male high school students in Iraq
| Â | Hookah smoking (even one puff) | P-value | OR (95%CI) | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Yes (n = 391) % |  | ||||
From whom student first heard/know about Hookah? | |||||
 Father &Mother | 4.6 | 0.637 | 1.17 (0.60–2.29) | ||
 Brother, Sister & Cousin | 18.4 | 0.271 | 1.22 (0.85–1.75) | ||
 Friends | 59.6 | 0.013* | 1.41 (1.07–1.85) | ||
 Media and Newspaper | 5.9 | 0.009* | 0.51 (0.30–0.85) | ||
 Saw a Hookah Café shop | 13.3 | 0.502 | 0.88 (0.59–1.29) | ||
 Web Networks | 3.6 | 0.147 | 0.61 (0.32–1.19) | ||
 Presence of Cafe for hookah smoking around students’ residence | 90.5 | 0.0001* | 2.07 (1.36–3.13) | ||
People surrounding/near students that smoke hookah. | |||||
 Father & Mother | 5.9 | 0.069 | 1.84 (0.95–3.57) | ||
 Brother & Sister | 10.2 | 0.040* | 1.68 (1.02–2.76) | ||
 Other close relatives | 33.5 | 0.280 | 1.17 (0.88–1.57) | ||
 Friends | 72.1 | 0.0001* | 1.78 (1.33–2.38) | ||
 None | 3.3 | 0.0001* | 0.22 (0.12–0.40) | ||
Which of the following types of smoking are more harmful to health? | Tobacco gum | 6.6 | 0.0001* | 0.78 (0.43–1.43) | |
Cigarette | 43.5 | Â | Ref | ||
e-cigarette | 24.3 |  | 0.64 (0.45–0.92) | ||
Hookah | 25.6 |  | 0.36 (0.26–0.50) | ||
Student’s opinion for Hookah smoking in Islam. | Forbidden | 13.6 | 0.0001* | 0.44 (0.28–0.67) | |
Discouraged | 48.6 |  | 0.92 (0.65–1.30) | ||
Allowed | 13.8 |  | 2.21 (1.27–3.84) | ||
Do not know | 24.0 | Â | Ref | ||
Is hookah smoking acceptable socially more than Cigarette smoking? | 0.8 | 0.0001* | 2.60 (1.90–3.56) | ||
Think that hookah smoking is less harmful and less addictive than cigarette smoking? | 55.0 | 0.0001* | 4.41 (3.27–5.94) | ||
Agree on regulations to forbid café places | 72.4 | 0.0001* | 0.32 (0.22–0.46) | ||