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Table 1 The results of bivariate analysis between the type of place of residence (urban-rural) and other variables of respondents in the Philippines (n = 7992) and Indonesia (n = 14,568) in 2017

From: Urban-rural disparities of antenatal care in South East Asia: a case study in the Philippines and Indonesia

Variables

Philippine

(n = 7992)

Indonesia

(n = 14,568)

Urban

(2602)

Rural

(5390)

p

Urban

(7322)

Rural

(7246)

p

ANC

  

***0.000

  

***0.000

• < 4

11.3%

15.0%

 

3.9%

7.3%

 

• ≥ 4

88.7%

85.0%

 

96.1%

92.7%

 

Age group

  

***0.000

  

***0.000

• 15–19

3.9%

4.9%

 

1.9%

2.9%

 

• 20–24

19.9%

21.1%

 

13.9%

19.2%

 

• 25–29

27.8%

25.2%

 

25.0%

25.6%

 

• 30–34

22.4%

20.8%

 

26.8%

24.6%

 

• 35–39

15.4%

17.4%

 

21.8%

18.4%

 

• 40–44

8.6%

8.3%

 

8.8%

7.5%

 

• 45–49

1.9%

2.2%

 

1.7%

1.8%

 

Have a husband/partner

  

***0.000

  

***0.000

• No

10.2%

6.5%

 

2.9%

2.8%

 

• Yes

89.8%

93.5%

 

97.1%

97.2%

 

Education Level

  

***0.000

  

***0.000

• No education

0.4%

1.4%

 

0.4%

1.0%

 

• Primary

11.4%

20.2%

 

17.5%

32.5%

 

• Secondary

52.6%

50.6%

 

62.6%

55.8%

 

• Higher

35.6%

27.9%

 

19.6%

10.8%

 

Parity

  

***0.000

  

***0.000

• Primiparous

31.7%

27.0%

 

33.7%

34.0%

 

• Multiparous

57.8%

55.1%

 

62.6%

60.3%

 

• Grand multiparous

10.5%

17.9%

 

3.7%

5.7%

 

Wealth status

  

***0.000

  

***0.000

• Poorest

12.3%

35.5%

 

6.6%

29.9%

 

• Poorer

16.7%

26.1%

 

13.4%

26.7%

 

• Middle

25.3%

16.4%

 

21.1%

20.8%

 

• Richer

24.1%

12.6%

 

27.3%

14.9%

 

• Richest

21.6%

9.3%

 

31.6%

7.8%

 
  1. ∗p < 0.05; ∗∗p < 0.01; ∗∗∗p < 0.001