Table 2 Inclusion and exclusion criteria

1. Natural disasters are the exposure of interest

2. The outcome measure is any form of violence, including physical, emotional, or sexual violence, bullying, maltreatment, interpersonal violence, or witnessing domestic violence (DV)

3. The person who experiences the violence is a child or adolescent under 18

4. Original quantitative, qualitative, or mixed methods research identifying information on the pathway between natural disasters and violence against children

5. Peer-reviewed articles or grey literature

1. Gang violence, female genital mutilation (FGM), neglect, or child labor, exploitation, trafficking, or marriage as outcomes

2. Editorials, policy reviews or general reports that do not introduce new evidence

3. Conference abstracts

4. Secondary reviews of literature