Table 2 Frequency (N) and percentage (%) of Epirus Health Study (EHS) participants per COVID-19-related question overall and by sex, age group and date of report
| Â | Â | According to sex | According to age (years) | According to the date of report | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Overall (n = 563) | Men (n = 226) | Women (n = 337) | P-value | 25–39 (n = 122) | 40–49 (n = 191) | 50–59 (n = 151) | 60+ (n = 99) | P-value | March 30th-May 3rd (n = 284) | May 4th-June 31st (n = 159) | July 1st-August 31st (n = 120) | P-value | |
Awareness towards COVID-19 pandemic | |||||||||||||
 Are you aware of the COVID-19 pandemic? | |||||||||||||
  No | 9 (1.6) | 7 (3.1) | 2 (0.6) | 0.034 | 3 (2.5) | 5 (2.6) | 1 (0.7) | 0 (0) | 0.241 | 7 (2.5) | 2 (1.3) | 0 (0) | 0.194 |
  Yes | 554 (98.4) | 219 (96.9) | 335 (99.4) |  | 119 (97.5) | 186 (97.4) | 150 (99.3) | 99 (100) |  | 277 (97.5) | 157 (98.7) | 120 (100) |  |
 Have you been tested for SARS-CoV-2? | |||||||||||||
  No | 549 (97.5) | 221 (97.8) | 328 (97.3) | 0.790 | 116 (95.1) | 187 (97.9) | 148 (98.1) | 98 (99.0) | 0.318 | 280 (98.6) | 155 (97.5) | 114 (95.0) | 0.112 |
  Yes | 14 (2.5) | 5 (2.2) | 9 (2.7) |  | 6 (4.9) | 4 (2.1) | 3 (2.0) | 1 (1.0) |  | 4 (1.4) | 4 (2.5) | 6 (5.0) |  |
 Have you been tested positive for SARS-CoV-2? | |||||||||||||
  No | 563 (100) | 226 (100) | 337 (100) | NA | 122 (100) | 191 (100) | 151 (100) | 99 (100) | NA | 284 (100) | 159 (100) | 120 (100) | NA |
  Yes | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) |  | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) |  | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) |  |
 Do you believe you’re positive for SARS-CoV-2, although not tested? | |||||||||||||
  No | 490 (95.5) | 202 (96.2) | 288 (95.1) | 0.666 | 106 (94.6) | 162 (95.3) | 129 (95.6) | 93 (96.9) | 0.893 | 254 (98.1) | 151 (98.1) | 85 (85.0) | < 0.001 |
  Yes | 23 (4.5) | 8 (3.8) | 15 (5.0) |  | 6 (5.4) | 8 (4.7) | 6 (4.4) | 3 (3.1) |  | 5 (1.9) | 3 (2.0) | 15 (15.0) |  |
 Have you had COVID-19-related symptoms for several days during last months? | |||||||||||||
  No | 515 (92.5) | 209 (92.9) | 306 (92.2) | 0.870 | 112 (92.6) | 176 (93.1) | 134 (90.5) | 93 (93.9) | 0.778 | 266 (95.7) | 155 (97.5) | 94 (78.3) | < 0.001 |
  Yes | 42 (7.5) | 16 (7.1) | 26 (7.8) |  | 9 (7.4) | 13 (6.9) | 14 (9.5) | 6 (6.1) |  | 12 (4.3) | 4 (2.5) | 26 (21.7) |  |
 Have you had any family member tested positive for SARS-CoV-2? | |||||||||||||
  No | 559 (99.6) | 224 (99.6) | 335 (99.7) | 1.000 | 121 (99.2) | 191 (100) | 149 (99.3) | 98 (100) | 0.550 | 283 (100) | 157 (99.4) | 119 (99.2) | 0.245 |
  Yes | 2 (0.4) | 1 (0.4) | 1 (0.3) |  | 1 (0.8) | 0 (0) | 1 (0.7) | 0 (0) |  | 0 (0) | 1 (0.6) | 1 (0.8) |  |
 Are you capable of protecting yourself against SARS-CoV-2? | |||||||||||||
  No capability | 2 (0.4) | 0 (0) | 2 (0.6) | 0.642 | 0 (0) | 1 (0.5) | 1 (0.7) | 0 (0) | 0.093 | 2 (0.7) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | < 0.001 |
  Little capability | 14 (2.5) | 6 (2.7) | 8 (2.4) |  | 3 (2.5) | 9 (4.8) | 2 (1.3) | 0 (0) |  | 5 (1.8) | 2 (1.3) | 7 (5.8) |  |
  Moderate capability | 361 (64.5) | 150 (66.7) | 211 (63.0) |  | 87 (71.3) | 111 (58.7) | 101 (67.3) | 62 (62.6) |  | 152 (53.9) | 119 (75.3) | 90 (75.0) |  |
  Absolute capability | 183 (32.7) | 69 (30.7) | 114 (34.0) |  | 32 (26.2) | 68 (36.0) | 46 (30.7) | 37 (37.4) |  | 123 (43.6) | 37 (23.4) | 23 (19.2) |  |
 Are you sure you won’t get infected by SARS-CoV-2? | |||||||||||||
  No certainty | 301 (53.9) | 111 (49.1) | 190 (57.1) | 0.209 | 68 (55.7) | 110 (58.2) | 80 (53.7) | 43 (43.4) | 0.514* | 125 (44.3) | 91 (58.0) | 85 (70.8) | < 0.001 |
  Little certainty | 80 (14.3) | 34 (15.0) | 46 (13.8) |  | 19 (15.6) | 25 (13.2) | 22 (14.8) | 14 (14.1) |  | 51 (18.1) | 14 (8.9) | 15 (12.5) |  |
  Moderate certainty | 154 (27.6) | 68 (30.1) | 86 (25.8) |  | 29 (23.8) | 48 (25.4) | 41 (27.5) | 36 (36.4) |  | 94 (33.3) | 43 (27.4) | 17 (14.2) |  |
  Absolute certainty | 24 (4.3) | 13 (5.8) | 11 (3.3) |  | 6 (4.9) | 6 (3.2) | 6 (4.0) | 6 (6.1) |  | 12 (4.3) | 9 (5.7) | 3 (2.5) |  |
Knowledge on transmission routes and COVID-19 severity | |||||||||||||
 Is SARS-CoV-2 transmitted through blood transfusion? | |||||||||||||
  No | 438 (86.1) | 185 (81.9) | 298 (89.0) | 0.018 | 97 (79.5) | 165 (86.8) | 132 (88.0) | 89 (89.9) | 0.124 | 250 (88.7) | 138 (86.8) | 95 (79.2) | 0.046 |
  Yes | 78 (13.9) | 41 (18.1) | 37 (11.0) |  | 25 (20.5) | 25 (13.2) | 18 (12.0) | 10 (10.1) |  | 32 (11.4) | 21 (13.2) | 25 (20.8) |  |
 Is SARS-CoV-2 transmitted through droplets in the air? | |||||||||||||
  No | 4 (0.7) | 1 (0.4) | 3 (0.9) | 0.652 | 0 (0) | 3 (1.6) | 1 (0.7) | 0 (0) | 0.501 | 0 (0) | 4 (2.5) | 0 (0) | 0.008 |
  Yes | 557 (99.3) | 225 (99.6) | 332 (99.1) |  | 122 (100) | 187 (98.4) | 149 (99.3) | 99 (100) |  | 282 (100) | 155 (97.5) | 120 (100) |  |
 Is SARS-CoV-2 transmitted by contacting infected people? | |||||||||||||
  No | 10 (1.8) | 4 (1.8) | 6 (1.8) | 1.000 | 2 (1.6) | 6 (3.2) | 2 (1.3) | 0 (0) | 0.317 | 2 (0.7) | 4 (2.5) | 4 (3.3) | 0.102 |
  Yes | 551 (98.2) | 222 (98.2) | 329 (98.2) |  | 120 (98.4) | 184 (96.8) | 148 (98.7) | 99 (100) |  | 280 (99.3) | 155 (97.5) | 116 (96.7) |  |
 Is SARS-CoV-2 transmitted by touching contaminated surfaces? | |||||||||||||
  No | 21 (3.7) | 9 (4.0) | 12 (3.6) | 0.824 | 5 (4.1) | 8 (4.2) | 4 (2.7) | 4 (4.0) | 0.872 | 12 (4.3) | 8 (5.0) | 1 (0.8) | 0.136 |
  Yes | 540 (96.3) | 217 (96.0) | 323 (96.4) |  | 117 (95.9) | 182 (95.8) | 146 (97.3) | 95 (96.0) |  | 270 (95.7) | 151 (95.0) | 119 (99.2) |  |
 Is SARS-CoV-2 transmitted through sex? | |||||||||||||
  No | 403 (71.8) | 157 (69.5) | 246 (73.4) | 0.339 | 68 (55.7) | 137 (72.1) | 120 (80.0) | 78 (78.8) | < 0.001 | 199 (70.6) | 118 (74.2) | 86 (71.7) | 0.732 |
  Yes | 158 (28.2) | 69 (30.5) | 89 (26.6) |  | 54 (44.3) | 53 (27.9) | 30 (20.0) | 21 (21.2) |  | 83 (29.4) | 41 (25.8) | 34 (28.3) |  |
 Is SARS-CoV-2 transmitted by touching infected animals? | |||||||||||||
  No | 502 (89.5) | 199 (88.1) | 303 (90.5) | 0.401 | 106 (86.9) | 171 (90.0) | 136 (90.7) | 89 (89.9) | 0.755 | 258 (91.5) | 140 (88.1) | 104 (86.7) | 0.248 |
  Yes | 59 (10.5) | 27 (12.0) | 32 (9.6) |  | 16 (13.1) | 19 (10.0) | 14 (9.3) | 10 (10.1) |  | 24 (8.5) | 19 (12.0) | 16 (13.3) |  |
 Is SARS-CoV-2 transmitted through mosquito bite? | |||||||||||||
  No | 537 (95.7) | 217 (96.0) | 320 (95.5) | 0.835 | 113 (92.6) | 183 (96.3) | 147 (98.0) | 94 (95.0) | 0.166 | 272 (96.5) | 151 (95.0) | 114 (95.0) | 0.677 |
  Yes | 24 (4.3) | 9 (4.0) | 15 (4.5) |  | 9 (7.4) | 7 (3.7) | 3 (2.0) | 5 (5.1) |  | 10 (3.6) | 8 (5.0) | 6 (5.0) |  |
 Is SARS-CoV-2 transmitted by eating contaminated food? | |||||||||||||
  No | 440 (78.4) | 178 (78.8) | 262 (78.2) | 0.917 | 90 (73.8) | 143 (75.3) | 123 (82.0) | 84 (84.9) | 0.100 | 217 (77.0) | 127 (79.9) | 96 (80.0) | 0.702 |
  Yes | 121 (21.6) | 48 (21.2) | 73 (21.8) |  | 32 (26.2) | 47 (24.7) | 27 (18.0) | 15 (15.2) |  | 65 (23.1) | 32 (20.1) | 24 (20.0) |  |
 Is SARS-CoV-2 transmitted by drinking contaminated water? | |||||||||||||
  No | 446 (79.5) | 179 (79.2) | 267 (79.7) | 0.915 | 93 (76.2) | 146 (76.8) | 123 (82.0) | 84 (84.9) | 0.269 | 221 (78.4) | 128 (80.5) | 97 (80.8) | 0.829 |
  Yes | 115 (20.5) | 47 (20.8) | 68 (20.3) |  | 29 (23.8) | 44 (23.2) | 27 (18.0) | 15 (15.2) |  | 61 (21.6) | 31 (19.5) | 23 (19.2) |  |
 Can someone with no COVID-19 symptoms transmit the SARS-CoV-2? | |||||||||||||
  No | 11 (2.0) | 3 (1.3) | 8 (2.4) | 0.538 | 3 (2.5) | 3 (1.6) | 1 (0.7) | 4 (4.1) | 0.268 | 2 (0.7) | 5 (3.1) | 4 (3.4) | 0.074 |
  Yes | 548 (98.0) | 222 (98.7) | 326 (97.6) |  | 119 (97.5) | 187 (98.4) | 149 (99.3) | 93 (95.9) |  | 280 (99.3) | 154 (96.9) | 114 (96.6) |  |
 How severe is COVID-19? | |||||||||||||
  Almost everyone survives | 7 (1.3) | 5 (2.2) | 2 (0.6) | 0.271 | 3 (2.5) | 2 (1.1) | 2 (1.3) | 0 (0) | 0.593 | 1 (0.4) | 3 (1.9) | 3 (2.5) | 0.088 |
  Most people survive, some people die | 530 (94.5) | 211 (93.4) | 319 (95.2) |  | 114 (93.4) | 178 (93.7) | 144 (96.0) | 94 (95.0) |  | 269 (95.4) | 146 (91.8) | 115 (95.8) |  |
  Many people survive, many people die | 23 (4.1) | 10 (4.4) | 13 (3.9) |  | 4 (3.3) | 10 (5.3) | 4 (2.7) | 5 (5.1) |  | 12 (4.3) | 9 (5.7) | 2 (1.7) |  |
  Some people survive, most people die | 1 (0.2) | 0 (0) | 1 (0.3) |  | 1 (0.8) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) |  | 0 (0) | 1 (0.6) | 0 (0) |  |
  Almost everyone dies | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) |  | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) |  | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) |  |
 How do you evaluate your knowledge for protecting against SARS-CoV-2? | |||||||||||||
  Lack of knowledge | 1 (0.2) | 0 (0) | 1 (0.3) | 0.099 | 0 (0) | 1 (0.5) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0.424 | 1 (0.4) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | < 0.001 |
  Requires improvement | 63 (11.2) | 19 (8.4) | 44 (13.1) |  | 13 (10.7) | 20 (10.5) | 23 (15.3) | 7 (7.1) |  | 29 (10.3) | 9 (5.7) | 25 (20.8) |  |
  Good | 265 (47.2) | 118 (52.2) | 147 (43.9) |  | 64 (52.5) | 89 (46.8) | 62 (41.3) | 50 (50.5) |  | 106 (37.6) | 97 (61.0) | 62 (51.7) |  |
  Very good | 232 (41.4) | 89 (39.4) | 143 (42.7) |  | 45 (36.9) | 80 (42.1) | 65 (43.3) | 42 (42.4) |  | 146 (51.8) | 53 (33.3) | 33 (27.5) |  |
Official information and trust in the Greek authorities | |||||||||||||
 How do you evaluate the available information regarding COVID-19 pandemic? | |||||||||||||
  No access | 31 (5.6) | 14 (6.3) | 17 (5.1) | 0.626 | 8 (6.7) | 7 (3.7) | 8 (5.4) | 8 (8.3) | 0.456* | 5 (1.8) | 11 (7.0) | 15 (13.2) | < 0.001* |
  Fair | 174 (31.4) | 69 (30.9) | 105 (31.7) |  | 44 (36.7) | 62 (32.8) | 47 (31.5) | 21 (21.9) |  | 78 (27.7) | 55 (34.8) | 41 (36.0) |  |
  Good | 115 (20.8) | 41 (18.4) | 74 (22.4) |  | 23 (19.2) | 42 (22.2) | 30 (20.1) | 20 (20.8) |  | 42 (14.9) | 47 (29.8) | 26 (22.8) |  |
  Very good | 234 (42.2) | 99 (44.4) | 135 (40.8) |  | 45 (37.5) | 78 (41.3) | 64 (43.0) | 47 (49.0) |  | 157 (55.7) | 45 (28.5) | 32 (28.1) |  |
 Do you trust the Greek Government for stopping the spread of SARS-CoV-2? | |||||||||||||
  No trust | 47 (8.7) | 19 (8.7) | 28 (8.6) | 0.405 | 10 (8.6) | 11 (6.0) | 14 (9.7) | 12 (12.2) | 0.001* | 11 (3.9) | 12 (8.1) | 24 (21.2) | < 0.001 |
  Little trust | 36 (6.6) | 10 (4.6) | 26 (8.0) |  | 9 (7.7) | 17 (9.3) | 7 (4.8) | 3 (3.1) |  | 10 (3.6) | 10 (6.8) | 16 (14.2) |  |
  Moderate trust | 221 (40.7) | 88 (40.2) | 133 (41.1) |  | 62 (53.0) | 80 (43.7) | 51 (35.2) | 28 (28.6) |  | 104 (36.9) | 64 (43.2) | 53 (46.9) |  |
  Absolute trust | 239 (44.0) | 102 (46.6) | 137 (42.3) |  | 36 (30.8) | 75 (41.0) | 73 (50.3) | 55 (56.1) |  | 157 (55.7) | 62 (41.9) | 20 (17.7) |  |
 Do you trust the Greek health authorities for stopping the spread of SARS-CoV-2? | |||||||||||||
  No trust | 21 (3.8) | 6 (2.7) | 15 (4.5) | 0.022 | 5 (4.1) | 5 (2.7) | 8 (5.4) | 3 (3.1) | 0.008* | 6 (2.1) | 2 (1.3) | 13 (11.0) | < 0.001 |
  Little trust | 34 (6.1) | 12 (5.4) | 22 (6.6) |  | 7 (5.8) | 15 (8.0) | 7 (4.7) | 5 (5.1) |  | 9 (3.2) | 8 (5.2) | 17 (14.4) |  |
  Moderate trust | 196 (35.4) | 65 (29.3) | 131 (39.5) |  | 56 (46.3) | 70 (37.4) | 50 (33.8) | 20 (20.4) |  | 84 (29.8) | 56 (36.4) | 56 (47.5) |  |
  Absolute trust | 303 (54.7) | 139 (62.6) | 164 (49.4) |  | 53 (43.8) | 97 (51.9) | 83 (56.1) | 70 (71.4) |  | 183 (64.9) | 88 (57.1) | 32 (27.1) |  |
 Do you trust the Greek officials regarding the information for COVID-19 pandemic? | |||||||||||||
  No trust | 37 (6.8) | 13 (5.9) | 24 (7.3) | 0.076 | 9 (7.6) | 11 (5.9) | 9 (6.2) | 8 (8.2) | 0.071* | 5 (1.8) | 7 (4.6) | 25 (21.7) | < 0.001 |
  Little trust | 32 (5.8) | 7 (3.2) | 25 (7.7) |  | 8 (6.8) | 12 (6.5) | 7 (4.8) | 5 (5.1) |  | 5 (1.8) | 15 (9.9) | 12 (10.4) |  |
  Moderate trust | 234 (42.7) | 92 (41.6) | 142 (43.4) |  | 60 (50.9) | 86 (46.2) | 60 (41.1) | 28 (28.6) |  | 107 (37.9) | 66 (43.7) | 61 (53.0) |  |
  Absolute trust | 245 (44.7) | 109 (49.3) | 136 (41.6) |  | 41 (34.8) | 77 (41.4) | 70 (48.0) | 57 (58.2) |  | 165 (58.5) | 63 (41.7) | 17 (14.8) |  |