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Table 3 Odds Ratios from Weighted Logistic Regression Predicting Influenza Vaccination by Race/Ethnicity, 2019 BRFSSa

From: Structural inequities in seasonal influenza vaccination rates

 

NH White N = 221,628

NH Black N = 20,555

Hispanic N = 18,896

Asian N = 5516

American Indian and Alaska Native N = 4439

Native Hawaiian or Other Pacific Islander N = 957

 

P value

P value

P value

P value

P value

P value

 

OR (95% CI)

OR (95% CI)

OR (95% CI)

OR (95% CI)

OR (95% CI)

OR (95% CI)

Age

< 0.001

< 0.001

< 0.001

0.010

0.002

0.783

1.02 (1.01, 1.02)

1.01 (1.01, 1.02)

1.01 (1.01, 1.02)

1.01 (1.00, 1.02)

1.02 (1.01, 1.02)

1.00 (0.98, 1.02)

Sex

< 0.001

0.016

< 0.001

0.215

0.011

0.153

 Female

1.00

1.00

1.00

1.00

1.00

1.00

 Male

0.79 (0.77, 0.82)

0.88 (0.79, 0.98)

0.80 (0.71, 0.91)

0.87 (0.70, 1.08)

0.72 (0.55, 0.93)

0.68 (0.40, 1.15)

Education

< 0.001

< 0.001

< 0.001

0.096

0.024

0.476

 Less than high school

0.42 (0.38, 0.46)

0.75 (0.60, 0.93)

0.79 (0.65, 0.96)

1.46 (0.62, 3.43)

0.75 (0.46, 1.20)

0.46 (0.16, 1.34)

 High school graduate

0.54 (0.51, 0.56)

0.71 (0.61, 0.83)

0.68 (0.57, 0.81)

0.74 (0.54, 1.02)

0.59 (0.40, 0.88)

0.90 (0.42, 1.92)

 Some college

0.64 (0.61, 0.66)

0.80 (0.69, 0.91)

0.77 (0.65, 0.92)

0.78 (0.57, 1.05)

0.59 (0.41, 0.85)

0.74 (0.37, 1.51)

 College graduate or more

1.00

1.00

1.00

1.00

1.00

1.00

Income

< 0.001

0.156

0.331

0.259

0.933

0.724

  < $25,000

0.89 (0.84, 0.93)

1.01 (0.86, 1.20)

1.18 (0.99, 1.40)

0.86 (0.62, 1.20)

1.12 (0.77, 1.62)

1.22 (0.62, 2.39)

 $25 – $49,999

0.93 (0.88, 0.97)

1.09 (0.93, 1.28)

1.08 (0.91, 1.29)

0.72 (0.52, 0.99)

1.10 (0.72, 1.68)

1.30 (0.67, 2.53)

 $50 – $74,999

0.92 (0.88, 0.97)

0.89 (0.74, 1.06)

1.07 (0.86, 1.32)

0.88 (0.63, 1.21)

1.14 (0.70, 1.84)

1.64 (0.66, 4.09)

  ≥ $75,000

1.00

1.00

1.00

1.00

1.00

1.00

Divisionsb

< 0.001

< 0.001

< 0.001

0.949

0.003

0.173

 New England

1.00

1.00

1.00

1.00

1.00

1.00

 Middle Atlantic

0.96 (0.90, 1.03)

0.85 (0.66, 1.10)

0.95 (0.76, 1.20)

0.86 (0.57, 1.31)

1.28 (0.54, 3.04)

0.380.09, 1.53)

 East North Central

0.81 (0.76, 0.85)

0.57 (0.45, 0.73)

0.75 (0.60, 0.93)

1.14 (0.76, 1.71)

0.92 (0.42, 2.03)

0.45 (0.09, 2.40)

 West North Central

1.03 (0.98, 1.09)

0.90 (0.69, 1.17)

0.97 (0.77, 1.21)

1.08 (0.72, 1.60)

1.69 (0.85, 3.34)

1.92 (0.48, 7.73)

 South Atlantic

0.93 (0.88, 0.99)

0.75 (0.60, 0.93)

0.68 (0.53, 0.87)

1.02 (0.68, 1.53)

1.14 (0.57, 2.27)

0.89 (0.25, 3.09)

 East South Central

0.86 (0.80, 0.92)

0.72 (0.57, 0.91)

1.32 (0.87, 1.99)

0.84 (0.36, 1.94)

1.01 (0.48, 2.13)

0.42 (0.11, 1.17)

 West South Central

0.87 (0.80, 0.95)

0.79 (0.60, 1.04)

1.00 (0.78, 1.28)

0.95 (0.57, 1.58)

1.43 (0.68, 2.98)

0.89 (0.17, 4.53)

 Mountain

0.84 (0.79, 0.89)

0.72 (0.53, 1.00)

0.81 (0.66, 0.98)

0.92 (0.58, 1.46)

2.14 (1.10, 4.19)

0.31 (0.09, 1.03)

 Pacific

0.84 (0.78, 0.90)

0.67 (0.49, 0.91)

0.82 (0.68, 1.00)

1.04 (0.73, 1.46)

1.40 (0.68, 2.88)

0.62 (0.24, 1.63)

Health Insurance

< 0.001

< 0.001

< 0.001

0.049

0.001

0.152

 Yes

1.00

1.00

 

1.00

 

1.00

 

1.00

 

1.00

 

 No

0.41 (0.38, 0.44)

0.61 (0.49, 0.76)

0.59 (0.50, 0.69)

0.63 (0.40, 0.99)

0.45 (0.28, 0.71)

0.54 (0.23, 1.26)

Primary Care Doctor

< 0.001

< 0.001

< 0.001

< 0.001

0.001

< 0.001

 Yes

1.00

1.00

1.00

1.00

1.00

1.00

 No

0.49 (0.47, 0.52)

0.53 (0.45, 0.63)

0.54 (0.47, 0.63)

0.56 (0.42, 0.74)

0.60 (0.45, 0.81)

0.23 (0.12, 0.44)

Delayed Care due to Cost

< 0.001

0.003

< 0.001

0.145

0.040

0.971

 No

1.00

1.00

1.00

1.00

1.00

1.00

 Yes

0.73 (0.68, 0.77)

0.79 (0.68, 0.92)

0.65 (0.55, 0.76)

0.76 (0.52, 1.10)

0.70 (0.50, 0.98)

0.98 (0.41, 2.36)

Asthma

< 0.001

< 0.001

0.018

0.457

0.017

0.901

 No

1.00

1.00

1.00

1.00

1.00

1.00

 Yes

1.20 (1.14, 1.26)

1.29 (1.12, 1.50)

1.23 (1.04, 1.45)

1.14 (0.80, 1.62)

1.56 (1.08, 2.25)

1.04 (0.57, 1.91)

CVD

< 0.001

0.377

0.158

0.127

0.078

0.202

 No

1.00

1.00

1.00

1.00

1.00

1.00

 Yes

1.13 (1.07, 1.20)

1.08 (0.91, 1.27)

1.19 (0.94, 1.51)

1.55 (0.88, 2.72)

1.41 (0.96, 2.07)

1.61 (0.78, 3.34)

Hypertension

< 0.001

< 0.001

0.060

0.070

0.195

0.165

 No

1.00

1.00

1.00

1.00

1.00

1.00

 Yes

1.27 (1.23, 1.32)

1.28 (1.14, 1.44)

1.15 (0.99, 1.34)

1.31 (0.98, 1.77)

1.22 (0.90, 1.65)

1.48 (0.85, 2.58)

BMI

0.235

0.910

0.627

0.412

0.174

0.469

 Normal/under

1.00

1.00

1.00

1.00

1.00

1.00

 Overweight

0.96 (0.93, 1.01)

0.98 (0.85, 1.14)

1.07 (0.92, 1.24)

0.86 (0.68, 1.09)

0.70 (0.49, 1.02)

0.72 (0.34, 1.49)

 Obese

0.98 (0.94, 1.02)

0.98 (0.84, 1.12)

1.02 (0.88, 1.18)

1.02 (0.72, 1.45)

0.86 (0.62, 1.18)

0.99 (0.48, 2.05)

Cancer

< 0.001

< 0.001

0.046

0.568

0.751

0.423

 No

1.00

1.00

1.00

1.00

1.00

1.00

 Yes

1.33 (1.27, 1.39)

1.49 (1.24, 1.80)

1.28 (1.00, 1.64)

1.25 (0.58, 2.67)

0.93 (0.59, 1.47)

1.49 (0.56, 3.98)

Diabetes

< 0.001

< 0.001

0.004

0.444

0.131

0.663

 No

1.00

1.00

1.00

1.00

1.00

1.00

 Yes

1.42 (1.34, 1.50)

1.51 (1.32, 1.73)

1.30 (1.09, 1.56)

1.17 (0.78, 1.76)

1.33 (0.92, 1.93)

0.86 (0.44, 1.68)

  1. Notes: Boldface indicates statistical significance p < 0.05
  2. a Includes data from the 2019 BRFSS annual survey. Analysis excludes US territories
  3. b New England division includes: Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, Rhode Island, and Vermont. Middle Atlantic includes: New Jersey, New York, and Pennsylvania. East North Central division includes: Indiana, Illinois, Michigan, Ohio, and Wisconsin. West North Central division includes: Iowa, Kansas, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, and South Dakota. South Atlantic division includes: Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia, Maryland, North Carolina, South Carolina, Virginia, and West Virginia. East South Central division includes: Alabama, Kentucky, Mississippi, and Tennessee. West South Central division includes: Arkansas, Louisiana, Oklahoma, and Texas. Mountain division includes: Arizona, Colorado, Idaho, New Mexico, Montana, Utah, Nevada, and Wyoming. Pacific division includes: Alaska, California, Hawaii, Oregon, and Washington
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