Table 3 Main outcomes of studies on indicated interventions for high-risk students

Eggert et al., 1995 [67]

At risk high school students - assessment protocol plus 1-semester Personal Growth Class (PGC l)

Controlled before and after study (care-as-usual control group with a postintervention follow up)

Reduce suicidal behaviour

A total of 85% of the youth in Groups I reduced suicide-risk behaviours by 25%, with Group I showing a greater decline in suicide-risk behaviours than Group II.

Insufficient statistics

Eggert et al., 1995 [67]

At risk high school students - assessment protocol plus 2- semesters Personal Growth Class (PGC ll)

Controlled before and after study (care-as-usual control group with a postintervention follow up)

Reduce suicidal behaviour

A total of 65% of Group II showed reduced suicide-risk behaviours by 25%.

Insufficient statistics

Eggert et al., 2002 [68]

Counselors-CARE (C-CAST): assessment interview, counselling session, and social ‘connections’ intervention

Controlled before and after study (care-as-usual control group with a postintervention and 10 week follow up)

Reduce suicidal behaviour

Statistics were not reported for interventions and control separately.

Group x Trend Interaction demonstrate that the pattern of change differed significantly between at least one of the three groups.

Not clear from the stats how these differed.

Insufficient statistics

Eggert et al., 2002 [68]

CAST: combination of the C-CARE intervention (i.e. assessment interview, counselling session, and social ‘connections’ intervention) followed by a small group prevention program

Controlled before and after study (care-as-usual control group with a postintervention and 10 week follow up)

Reduce suicidal behaviour

Statistics were not reported for interventions and control separately.

Group x Trend Interaction demonstrate that the pattern of change differed significantly between at least one of the three groups.

Not clear from the stats how these differed.

Insufficient statistics

Fitzpatrick et al., 2005 [69]

Brief video intervention regarding problem solving and coping skills

RCT (time-matched intervention focusing on physical health issues for control group with a 1 week, 2 weeks, and 1-month postintervention follow up)

Reduce suicidal ideation

No significant difference between intervention and control group with regard to suicidal ideation at baseline.

Insufficient statistics

Fukumori et al., 2017 [70]

Three-day individual intervention program of structured writing that incorporates the emotional regulation group program and the DBT workbook

RCT (wait-list control group with a postintervention, 2 week and 1-month follow up)

Reduce suicidal ideation

No significant reduction in suicidal ideation.

Small (d = 0.35)^a

Hetrick et al., 2017 [71]

Internet-based cognitive behavioural therapy (Reframe-IT)

RCT (treatment-as-usual control group with a 10 week and 22 week postintervention follow up)

Reduce suicidal ideation

No significant reduction in suicidal ideation at postintervention assessment.

Small (d = −0.35)

King et al., 2015 [72]

Electronic bridge mental health services (eBridge)

RCT (treatment-as-usual control group with an 8 week postintervention follow up)

Increase in help-seeking behaviour

Significant increase in readiness to intervene with own suicidal behaviour by talking to family.

Large (d = 2.74)^a

Significant increase in readiness to intervene with own suicidal behaviour by talking to a friend.

Large (d = 2.48)^a

Significant increase in readiness to intervene with own suicidal behaviour by seeing a mental health professional.

Large (d = 3.16)^a

No significant increase in readiness to seek information.

Large (d = 1.60)^a

No significant increase in readiness to seek out self-help or a support group.

Small (d = 0.50)^a

No significant increase in readiness to seek academic support services.

Small (d = −0.44)^a

Reduce stigma

Significant reduction in level of personal stigma scores at postintervention.

Large (d = −1.07)^a

Significant reduction in level of perceived public stigma at postintervention.

Medium (d = −0.59)^a

Lin et al., 2019 [73]

Cognitive therapy group program

RCT (cognitive therapy control group with a 4-, 8-, 20-, and 32-week postintervention follow up)

Reduce suicidal ideation

Significant reduction in suicidal ideation at 4 weeks follow up.

Large (d = 5.24)

Significant reduction in suicidal ideation at 8 weeks follow up.

Large (d = 4.39)

Significant reduction in suicidal ideation at 20 weeks follow up.

Large (d = 3.67)

Significant reduction in suicidal ideation at 32 weeks follow up.

Large (d = 3.30)

Reduce suicidal behaviour

Significant reduction in suicide attempt 4 week follow up.

Small (d = 0.32)

Significant reduction in suicide attempt at 8 weeks follow up.

Small (d = 0.23)

Significant reduction in suicide attempt at 20 weeks follow up.

Small (d = 0.18)

Significant reduction in suicide attempt at 32 weeks follow up.

Small (d = 0.14)

Lin et al., 2019 [73]

Dialectical behaviour therapy group program

RCT (cognitive therapy control group with a 4-, 8-, 20-, and 32-week postintervention follow up)

Reduce suicidal ideation

Significant reduction in suicidal ideation found at 4 weeks follow up.

Large (d = 5.24)

Significant reduction in suicidal ideation found at 8 weeks follow up.

Large (d = 4.39)

Significant reduction in suicidal ideation found at 20 weeks follow up.

Large (d = 3.67)

Significant reduction in suicidal ideation found at 32 weeks follow up.

Large (d = 3.30)

Reduce suicidal behaviour

Significant reduction in suicide reattempt at 4 weeks follow up.

Small (d = 0.32)

Significant reduction in suicide reattempt at 8 weeks follow up.

Small (d = 0.23)

Significant reduction in suicide reattempt at 20 weeks follow up.

Small (d = 0.18)

Significant reduction in suicide reattempt at 32 weeks follow up.

Small (d = 0.14)

Pistorello et al., 2012 [74]

12-month long term Dialectical Behaviour Treatment

RCT (optimised treatment-as-usual control group with a 3 month and 18 month follow up)

Reduce suicidal behaviour

Significant reduction in suicidality (i.e., suicidal thoughts and the person’s estimation of the likelihood they would consider, attempt, and die from suicide in the future).

Medium (d = 0.53)^a

Tang et al., 2009 [75]

Program of Intensive Interpersonal Psychotherapy for depressed adolescents with suicidal risk (IPT-A-IN)

RCT (treatment-as-usual control group with a postintervention follow up)

Reduce suicidal ideation

Significant reduction in suicidal ideation.

Medium (d = −0.78)

Thompson et al., 2000 [76]

Personal Growth Semester 1

Three-group, repeated measures design (Measure of Adolescent Potential for Suicide control group with 18 week postintervention follow up)

Reduce suicidal behaviour

Significant reduction in suicide risk behaviours.

Small (d = 0.12)

Thompson et al., 2000 [76]

Personal Growth Semester 2

Three-group, repeated measures design (Measure of Adolescent Potential for Suicide control group with 18 week postintervention follow up)

Reduce suicidal behaviour

Significant reduction in suicide risk behaviours.

Small (d = 0.21)

Xavier et al., 2019 [77]

Problem solving intervention

RCT (care-as-usual control group with 1-, 3-, and 6 month follow up

Unspecified: suicidal orientation

Significant reduction in suicidal orientation at postintervention assessment.

Large (ηp = 0.91)^a

Significant reduction in suicidal orientation at 6-months follow up assessment.

Medium (ηp = 0.65)^a