Table 1 Main characteristics of the included studies
Author (Year) | Country | Patients(n) | Mean/Median Age(years) | Male (%) | Study design | Kinds of diseases | CVD (%) | Adjusted effect estimate (95%CI) | Outcome | Confounders | NOS Score |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Zhou et al. (2020) [8] | China | 191 | 56·0 (46·0–67·0) | 119 (62) | Retrospective cohort study | Coronary heart disease | 18 (8) | OR 2.14 (0.26-17.79) | In-hospital death | Age, SOFA score | 7 |
Yu et al. (2020) [19] | China | 333 | 50(35-63) | 172 (51.7) | Descriptive study | Heart disease | 24 (7.2) | OR 4.2 (1.2-14.2) | Severity | Age, sex, diabetes, HTN, respiratory disease | 8 |
Cummings et al. (2020) [3] | USA | 257 | 62 (51–72) | 171 (67) | Prospective observational cohort study t | Chronic cardiac disease | 49 (19) | HR 1.76 (1.08-2.86) | In-hospital mortality | Age, gender, symptom duration before hospital, presentation, COPD or interstitial lung disease, diabetes, IL-6, D-dimer | 8 |
Zhao et al. (2020) [20] | China | 1000 | 61 (46-70) | 466 (46.6) | Retrospective study | Coronary heart disease | 60 (6) | HR 0.972 (0.547-1.726) | Death | Age | 8 |
Sabri et al. (2020) [21] | Iran | 60 | 54.1±15.5 | NR | Retrospective cohort study | Heart Disease | 10 (15.9) | OR 1.12 (1.08-1.14) | ICU admission | Pericardial effusion, blood oxygen saturation | 7 |
Lala et al. (2020) [22] | USA | 2736 | 66.4 | 1630 (59.6) | NR | Coronary Artery Disease | 453 (16.6) | OR 1.08 (0.85-1.37) | Mortality | age, sex, BMI, race, ethnicity, history of CAD, history of AF, history of HF, history of HTN, history of CKD, history of DM, statin use, angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor (ACEi) or angiotensin II receptor blocker (ARB) use, and CURB-65 score at hospital admission | 7 |
Cen et al. (2020) [2] | China | 1007 | 61(49-68) | 493(49.0) | Multi-center observational study | Coronary artery disease | 65 (6.5) | HR 1.828 (1.256-2.660) | Disease progression was defined as progression to the severe or critical disease stage, or death | Age, sex, smoking history, HTN, diabetes, chronic obstructive lung disease, CAD, CRD, CVA, hepatitis B infection, anti-viral drug, aeration of anti-viral therapy | 7 |
Ciceri et al. (2020) [23] | Italy | 410 | 65 (56-75) | 299 (72.9) | NR | Coronary artery disease | 51 (12.6) | HR 2.93 (1.77-4.86) | Death | Age, gender, cancer, radiographic assessment of lung edema score, WBC count, lymphocyte count, hemoglobin, platelets. | 7 |
Barman et al. (2020) [24] | Turkey | 607 | 59.5±14.8 | 334 (55.02) | Multi-center retrospective study | Coronary artery disease | 116 (19.1) | OR 1.26 (1.06-1.50) | Mortality | Age, gender, HTN, diabetes, CAD, COPD, smoking, creatinine, uric acid, glucose | 7 |
Bravi et al. (2020) [25] | Italy | 1603 | 58.0±20.9 | 758 (47.36) | Case-control, retrospective study | Major cardiovascular diseases | 258 (16.1) | OR 1.88 (1.32-2.70) | Severe or very severe/lethal | Age, gender, HTN, diabetes, cancer, COPD, renal disease | 7 |
Deiana et al. (2020) [26] | Italy | 1223 | 80.4±10.6 | 499 (40.8) | Matched case-control study | CVD | 63 (64.9) | OR 4.0 (1.7-9.7) | Severity | Active tumors, diabetes, HIV, CLD, CRD, metabolic diseases, obesity, chronic neurological diseases, other pathologies | 7 |
Zhang et al. (2020) [27] | China | 80 | 51.16±17.476 | 33 (41.25) | Retrospective cohort | Cardiac disease | 9 (11.25) | HR 0.21 (0-22.09) | Severity | Age, respiratory diseases, HTN, more than 2 kinds of diseases, WBC, neutrophil, LYM%, NEU%, NLR, FIB, CRP, TBIL, ALB, GFR, CK-MB, myoglobin, troponin | 7 |
Nie et al. (2020) [28] | China | 671 | 43±15.09 | 377 (56.2) | NR | CVD | 70 (10.4) | OR 0.809 (0.306–2.142) | Severity | Age, gender, coexisting disorder (HTN, diabetes, respiratory diseases, diabetes, respiratory diseases), Animal/human transmission source contact, Contact with confirmed cases, Contact with confirmed cases, Contact with individuals who had been to Wuhan, Close to cluster outbreak, Visited hospital, Visited wet market, No contact, Days from illness onset to diagnosis, X-ray with pneumonia features, CT with pneumonia features, Blood routine test Leucocyte count, Lymphocyte count, Lymphocyte percentage, Neutrophil percentage | 7 |
Robilotti et al. (2020) [9] | USA | 423 | 60.2 | 212 (50) | NR | Cardiac disorder | 84 (20) | HR 1.44 (0.88-2.37) | Severe respiratory illness, | Age, gender, race, BMI, smoking, asthma/COPD, cancer, major surgery, diabetes, HTN/CKI, Systemic chemotherapy, Chronic lymphopenia or corticosteroids, ICI | 8 |
Hashemi et al. (2020) [29] | USA | 363 | 63.2±13.2 | 201 (55.37) | Multi-center retrospective study | Cardiac diseases | 39 (10.7) | OR 0.98 (0.46-2.09) | Death | CLD, age, obesity, gender, HTN, diabetes, hyperlipidemia, pulmonary disorders | 7 |
Lanza et al. (2020) [30] | Italy | 222 | 66.4 (53.8–75.8) | 163 (73) | Observational retrospective study, | Heart disease | 27 (12.16) | OR 1.19 (0.58-2.44) | In-hospital death | Age, gender, smoke habit, CRP, Lung disease, cancer, diabetes, CKD, CURB-65a 1, CURB-65a 2, diabetes, BMI | 8 |
Zeng et al. (2020) [31] | China | 461 | 45.00 (34.50-57.00) | 239 (51.84) | Multicenter retrospective study | CVD | 25 (5.42) | HR 2.30 (0.99-5.38) | Severity | Age, gender, HTN, diabetes, hematology, biochemistry, infection-related indices, coagulation function | 8 |
Petrilli et al. (2020) [32] | USA | 5279 | 54 (38-66) | 2615 (49.5) | Prospective cohort study | Coronary artery disease | 704 (13.3) | OR 1.08 (0.81-1.44) | Mortality | Age, gender, BMI, race, COPD and asthma, diabetes, HTN, cirrhosis, CKD, CAD, immunosuppression, cancer, tobacco smoking | 8 |
Arshad et al. (2020) [33] | USA | 2541 | 63.7±16.5 | 1298 (51.1) | Retrospective cohort study | Cardiovascular Comorbidity | 222 (8.7) | HR 1.062 (0.8-1.410) | Death | HCQ alone (vs. neither medication), azithromycin alone (vs. neither medication), HCQ+AZM (vs. neither medication), age, gender, ethic, BMI,lung comorbidity,CKI comorbidity,COPD, HTN,asthma, COPD,cancer,diabetes, percent O2 saturation < 95, admission to ICU, ventilator, given steroid, given tocilizumab | 7 |
San Román et al. (2020) [34] | Spain | 522 | 68±15 | 294 (56) | NR | Heart disease | 68 (13.02) | OR 2.017 (1.050-3.876) | Severity | Age, SatO2 <90%, creatinine > 1.5 mg/dL, c-reactive protein> 10 mg/L | 7 |
Cheng et al. (2020) [35] | China | 456 | 54.97±18.59 | 211 (46.27) | Retrospective cohort study | CVD | 52 (11.4) | OR 1.204 (0.554-2.619) | Any in-hospital disease progression | Age, gender, HTN, diabetes, CKD, neural system diseases, pulmonary disease, cancer, laboratory findings(leucocytes count, neutrophil count, lymphocyte count, NLR, platelet count, albumin, APTT, prothrombin time, INR, D-dimer, aspartate aminotransferase, creatinine, potassium, creatine kinase, lactate dehydrogenase, procalcitonin, C-reactive protein, erythrocyte sedimentation rate, IL-6 | 8 |
Oussalah et al. (2020) [36] | France | 149 | 65 (54–77) | 91 (61.1) | Retrospective, longitudinal cohort study | CVD | 38 (25.5) | OR 2.35 (0.35-15.68) | Death | Age, COPD, gender, creatinine >10.1 mg/L, HTN | 8 |
Kim et al. (2020)[37] | Korea | 9148 | 51* | 3556 (38.9) | Observational Study | Heart failure | 124 (1.4) | OR 3.17 (1.88–5.34) | Mortality | Gender, age, type of distiricts, high epidemic region and socio-economic status | 8 |
Chen et al. (2020) [38] | China | 3309 | 62(49-69) | 1642 (49.6) | Retrospective | CVD | 242 (7.3) | OR 1.41 (0.94-2.13) | Death | Age, gender, HTN, diabetes, cerebrovascular disease, malignancy, CKI, COPD, days from onset to clinics (vs ≤5d), days from onset to admission (vs ≤12d) | 9 |
Ferrante et al. (2020) [39] | Italy | 332 | 66.9 (55.4-75.5) | 237 (71.4) | Single-center cohort study | CAD | 49 (14.5) | OR 2.14 (0.99-4.63) | Death | Age, HTN, CVA, Cancer, eGFR, PaO/FiO2 ratio, PA diameter, baseline ACEI/ARB use | 7 |
Rastad et al. (2020) [40] | Iran | 2597 | 54.8±16.9 | 1589 (53.7) | Retrospective cohort study | CVD | 314 (10.6) | OR 0.61 (0.30, 1.24) | In-hospital mortality | WBC, neutrophils, lymphocytes, serum concentrations, creatinine, LDH, AST, ALT, Hb, ESR, CRP, age | 8 |
Hwang et al. (2020) [41] | South Korea | 103 | 67.62±15.32 | 52 (50) | Retrospective cohort study | CVD | 12 (12) | HR 2.556 (0.535–12.207)) | Mortality | Age, diabetes, CLD, Alzheimer’s dementia, stroke | 7 |
Grasselli ei al. (2020) [42] | Italy | 3988 | 63 (56-69) | 3188 (79.9) | Retrospective, observational cohort study | Heart disease | 533 (13.4) | HR 1.08 (0.91-1.29) | Death | Age, gender, respiratory support, HTN, hypercholesterolemia, type 2 diabetes, Malignancy, COPD, ACE inhibitor therapy, ARB therapy, statin, diuretic, PEEP at admission, FiO2 at admission, PaO2/FiO2 at admission | 8 |
Deng et al. (2020) [43] | China | 264 | 64.5 (53.3-74.0) | 130 (49.2) | Retrospective study | Coronary heart disease | 32 (12.1) | HR 1.855 (1.006-3.421) | Death | Age, gender, HTN, cTnI-ultra, CK-MB, MYO, NT-proBNP, Cr | 7 |
AI-Salameh et al. (2020) [44] | France | 433 | 72±14.3 | 226 (52.1) | Observational cohort | CVD | 99 (31.2) | HR 1.84 (1.1-3.08) | Death | Age, diabetes, gender, abnormal LFTs | 7 |
Atkins et al. (2020) [45] | UK | 507 | 74.3±4.5 | 311 (61.3) | NR | CHD | 108 (21.5) | OR 0.86 (0.55-1.36) | Death | Age, gender, race, education, atrial fibrillation, stroke, HTN, diabetes (type 2), CKD, depression, dementia, asthma, COPD, osteoporosis, osteoarthritis, delirium, pneumonia, falls/fragility fractures | 8 |
Yao et al. (2020) [46] | USA | 242 | 66.1±18.3 | 104 (42.98) | Single-institution retrospective study | Heart Disease | 39 (13.6) | HR 0.94 (0.43-2.07) | Mortality | Zinc sulfate (yes vs no), age, gender, COPD, clinical severity, lopinavir/ritonavir, steroids, IL-6 receptor inhibitors, | 8 |
Pinto et al. (2020) [47] | Italy | 1226 | 71.7±14.5 | 733 (59.8) | Observational cohort Study | CVD | NR (NR) | OR 1.58 (0.68–3.68) | Death | Age, sex, presence of metastatic disease, time since cancer diagnosis | 7 |
Chilimuri et al. (2020) [48] | USA | 375 | 63.0 (52.0-72.0) | 236 (63) | Retrospective cohort study | CVD | 62 (17) | OR 1.56 (0.78-3.11) | Mortality | Age, gender, HTN, lymphocyte, creative protein, alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, creatine kinase | 8 |
Lian et al. (2020) [49] | China | 232 | NR | 108 (46.5) | Retrospective study | Heart disease | 31 (13.36) | HR 2.587 (1.156-5.787) | Severity | Age, NLR, multiple mottling and ground-glass opacity | 8 |
Zhao et al. (2020) [50] | USA | 641 | 58.9±17.5 | 358 (55.85) | Retrospective study | Heart failure | 20 (3.12) | OR 33.48 (4.99-224.45) | Mortality | LDH, procalcitonin, smoking history, SpO2, lymphocyte count, procalcitonin, LDH, COPD, SpO2, heart rate, age | 8 |
Wang et al. (2020) [51] | USA | 1827 | 52.7±21.1 | 500 (32.6) | NR | CVD | 589 (32.2) | OR 2.21 (1.21-4.04) | Severity | Gender, race, marital status, Insurance type, smoking history, BMI, comorbidities (diabetes, COPD, CKD, CLD, HTN, allergic rhinitis), SABA, combination | 7 |
Garcia-Azoin et al. (2020) [52] | Spain | 576 | 67.18±14.75 | 326 (56.6) | Retrospective cohort study | Cardiac disease | 154 (26.7) | OR 1.20 (0.730-1.999) | Mortality | mRS≥3, age, gender, HTN, diabetes, smoking, pulmonary disorders, cancer, chronic neurological disorders, immunosuppression | 7 |
Alkhatib et al. (2020) [53] | USA | 158 | 57±15.1 | 61 (38.6) | Retrospective cross-sectional analysis | Heart Failure | 21 (13.3) | OR 2.4 (0.734-7.845) | Severity | Age, gender, diabetes, HTN, lung disease, CKD, BMI | 7 |
Hernández-Galdamez et al. (2020) [54] | Mexico | 211003 | 45.7±16.3 | 115442 (54.71) | Cross-sectional study | CVD | 4949 (2.35) | OR 0.93 (0.87-1.00) | Death | At least one comorbidity/risk, CKD, immunosuppression, diabetes, COPD, HTN, asthma, obesity, smoking | 8 |
Bellmann-Weiler et al. (2020) [55] | Australia | 259 | 66.8±14.3 | 157 (60.62) | Retrospective | CVD | 152 (58.62) | OR 2.127 (0.309–14.647) | Death | Age, CKD, COPD, eGFR, leukocytes, PCT, anemia, | 8 |
Berenguer et al. (2020) [56] | Spain | 4035 | 70 (56 – 80) | 2433 (61) | Retrospective nationwide cohort study | Chronic heart disease | 932 (23.3) | HR 1.58 (1.38-1.81) | Death | Gender, age, HTN, diabetes, COPD, obesity, CKI stage 4, liver cirrhosis, chronic neurological disorder, cancer, dementia, headache, myalgia/arthralgia, anosmia, cough, sputum production, dyspnea, chest pain, vomiting/nausea, altered consciousness, low SaO2, WBC count, neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio, platelets, prolonged APTT, eGFR, ALT, CRP | 7 |
Gottlieb et al. (2020) [57] | USA | 8673 | 41 (29 – 54) | 4045 (46.6) | Retrospective case-control study t | Congestive Heart Failure | 218 (14.7) | OR 1.45 (1.00-2.12) | Critical Illness | Age, gender, race, COPD, HTN, hyperlipidemia, diabetes, prior CVA, CKD, current ESRD, obstructive sleep apnea, bloodborne cancer, symptoms (anosmia, cough, headache, myalgias), labs(WBC, ALC,ANC/ALC, total Bilirubin, albumin, AST, ALT, LDH, lactate, D-Dimer, CRP, ferritin, troponin) | 8 |
Agarwal et al. (2020) [58] | USA | 1126 | 67.9±13.7 | 630 (49.3) | Retrospective | CVD | 754 (59) | OR 1.18 (0.88-1.57) | Mortality | Treatment regimen (noninsulin only, insulin 1 noninsulin, insulin only), HTN, CKD, COPD | 7 |
Shang et al. (2020) [59] | China | 2529 | 66 | 73 (64.6) | Retrospective | CHD | 28 (24.8) | OR 5.611 (1.392-22.623) | Death | Age, D-dimer, PCT, LYM, diabetes, CRP, BUN | 8 |
Shi et al. (2020)[60] | Iran | 386 | 59.46±15.82 | 236 (61.1) | Prospective, single-center study | CVD | 97(25.1) | HR 1.121 (0.565-2.226) | Death | Age, diabetes, malignancy, CKD, CVA/TIA, previous ACEI/ARB use, ARDs, AKI | 7 |
Posso et al. (2020) [62] | Spain | 834 | 60 | 400 (46.5) | Retrospective | Heart Failure | 37 (37.4) | OR 1.6 (1.01-2.55) | Death | Age, gender | 7 |
Shu et al. (2020) [63] | China | 571 | 50.0 (38.0-59.0) | 278 (48.7) | Single-center, retrospective cohort study | Coronary heart disease | 12 (2.1) | OR 6.75 (0.629-72.61) | Severity | Smoke, HTN, diabetes, dyspnea, consolidation, interstitial abnormalities, lymphocyte counting | 8 |
Parra-Bracamonte et al. (2020) [64] | Mexico | 142690 | 45 (34.0-57.0) | 79280 (56) | NR | Cardiopathy | 3521 (2.0) | OR 1.012 (0.92-1.112) | Mortality | Age, gender, smoking, hospitalized, pneumonia, comorbidity (HTN, obesity, diabetes, COPD, asthma, immunosuppressed, CKD, other complication) | 8 |
Pablos et al. (2020) [65] | Spain | 456 | 65±17.9 | 182 (41) | Retrospective observational matched cohort study | Heart failure | 106 (23.2) | OR 1.57 (0.93-2.66) | Composite severe COVID-19 outcome | CTD, age, gender, obesity, diabetes, glucocorticoids (any dose), antivirals | 8 |
Zhang et al. (2020) [66] | China | 461 | 51 (38-64) | 264 (57.3) | Multicenter study | Coronary heart disease | 25 (5.4) | OR 0.382 (0.096-1.526) | Critical illness | Age, gender, comorbidities (HTN, diabetes, CLD), types of previous surgery (gastrointestinal surgery, urogenital surgery, skeletal surgery, cardiovascular surgery, others), WBC, neutrophil, lymphocyte, LDH, hemoglobin, platelet, albumin, AST, ALT, DBIL, IBIL, TBIL, APTT, PT, D-dimer, creatinine, hs-CRP, procalcitonin, urea nitrogen, FBG, CT score) | 8 |
Fox et al. (2020) [67] | USA | 389 | 66.2±14.2 | 208 (46.5) | Single-center retrospective analysis | CAD | 77 (19.79) | OR 1.579 (0.562–4.436) | In-hospital mortality | Age, BMI, gender, ethnic, Hispanic, others, COPD, asthma, CAD, HTN, atrial fibrillation, CKD | 7 |
Vena et al. (2020) [68] | Italy | 317 | 71 (60-82) | 213 (67.2) | Retrospective study | CVD | 63 (19.9) | OR 2.58 (1.07-6.25) | All-cause in-hospital mortality | AKI, age, CRP, IL-6 | 7 |
Ng et al. (2020) [69] | USA | 10482 | 66 | 6239 (59.5) | Retrospective study | Heart Failure | 920 (8.78) | OR 1.32 (1.14-1.53) | Death | Age, sex, race/ethnicity, BMI, diabetes mellitus, HTN, cancer, mechanical ventilation, use of vasoactive medication, hemoglobin, lymphocyte, blood urea nitrogen, albumin, C-reactive protein and ferritin | 8 |
He et al. (2020) [70] | China | 288 | 48.5 (34.3-62) | 131(45.5) | Single-center, retrospective cohort study | CVD | 85 (29.5) | OR 0.986 (0.052-18.588) | Death | Age, CKD, exposure history in Wuhan >2 weeks, diarrhea, WBC count, lymphocyte count, creatinine, PCT, | 8 |
Gupta et al. (2020) [71] | USA | 2626 | 63.99±16.49 | 1497(57.00) | Retrospective study | CAD | 516 (19.6) | OR 1.179 (0.844-1.647) | In-hospital mortality | Age, gender, CKD, exposure history in Wuhan >2 weeks, diarrhea, white blood cell count, lymphocyte count, creatinine | 6 |
Czernichow et al. (2020) [72] | Europe | 5795 | 59.8±13.6 | 3791 (65.4) | Prospective cohort study | HF | 264 (4.55) | OR 1.15 (0.82-1.59) | Body mass index, age, diabetes, hypertension, dyslipidemia, sleep apnea, CKD, malignancies, history of smoking, gender | 8 | |
Sisó-Almirall et al. (2020) [73] | Spain | 322 | 56.7±17.8 | 161 (50.0) | Multicenter, observational descriptive study | HF | 25(7.8) | OR 1.92 [0.74–4.84] | Death or ICU admission | Age, gender | 7 |
Brenner et al*. (2020) [74] | Germany | 9548 | 62.1 | 4182 (43.8) | Ongoing statewide cohort study | CVD | 4186 (43.8) | HR 1.285 (0.936–1.763) | Mortality | Any cause, age, gender, cancer, respiratory disease, Season | 8 |
De Rossi et al. (2020) [75] | Italy | 158 | 66.38±13.44 | 113 (71.52) | Retrospective cohort study | Heart disease | 33 (20.89) | HR 3.001 (1.422-6.332) | Mortality | GROUP, age, gender, diabetes, HTN, CRP at admission, time to hospitalization, Time to hospitalization | 7 |
Nimkar et al. (2020) [76] | USA | 327 | 71 (59–82) | 182 (55.7) | Retrospective case series | Cardiac Disease | 98 (29.9) | OR 1.7 (0.7–3.9) | Mortality | AKI, ARDS, demographics (age, gender, race), HTN, diabetes mellitus, overweight (25 - 29.9), obese ( >= 30), underweight < 18.5 | 7 |
Klang et al. (2020) [77] | USA | 1320 | 74.48±12.88 | 772 (58.48) | Multicenter observational retrospective study | CHD | 258 (19.55) | OR 1.00 (0.8–1.4) | Death | Age, CAD, HTN, diabetes, CKD, COPD, cancer, obesity, smoking | 7 |
Emami et al. (2021) [78] | Iran | 1239 | 51.48±19.54 | 692 (55.9) | NR | CVD | 132 (10.7) | HR 3.52 (1.23–11.15) | Mortality | Age, diabetes, chronic liver disease, cancer, HIV, smoking, asthma, immunodeficiency disease | 5 |
Liu et al. (2020) [79] | China | 2044 | 62.0 (51.0-70.0) | 1000 (48.92) | Mini-national multicenter, retrospective, cohort study | CHD | 199 (9.76) | OR 1.65 (1.02-2.66) | Critical disease (vs. moderate and severe disease) | Factors with effect modification, HTN, COPD, age, diabetes, tumor, CKD, cough | 6 |
Giorgi et al. (2020) [61] | Italy | 2653 | 63.2 | 1328 (50.1) | Population-based prospective cohort | CHD | 168 (7.1) | HR 1.7 (1.2–2.5) | Death | Age, gender | 7 |
Feng et al. (2020) [81] | China | 114 | 63.96±13.41 | 71 (62.3) | Single-center, prospective study | CVD | 31 (27.2) | HR 1.062 (0.380–2.970) | Poor outcome | Age, gender | 7 |
Li et al. (2020) [82] | China | 199 | 67 (61-78) | 89 (44.7) | Retrospective study | CVD | NR (NR) | OR 0.250 (0.020-3.155) | Death | Age, CKD, HTN, Diabetes, d-dimer at admission, lymphocyte count at admission, fasting plasma glucose at admission, treatment with low molecular weight heparin, Antidiabetic drugs | 7 |
Seiglie et al. (2020) [83] | USA | 450 | 63.32±17.13 | 259 (57.5) | Observational study | CHF | 52 (11.56) | OR 1.94 (0.78-4.85) | Death | Diabetes, BMI category (overweight, Obese), age, male, race/ethnicity (Hispanic, African American, other, unknown/missing), HTN, COPD/asthma, cancer (active), liver disease, renal disease | 7 |
Tural Onur et al. (2020) [84] | Turkey | 301 | 57±18 | 206 (68.4) | Retrospectively | CVD | 19 (6.3) | OR 15.331 (3.394-69.272) | Death | Age, length of stay, lung cancer | 7 |
Anzola et al. (2020) [85] | Italy | 431 | 65±16 | 263 (61) | Prospective study | CVD | 77 (18) | OR 0.618 (0.297-1.285) | Death | Age, lymphocyte count, creatinine, AST, CRP, diabetes, HTN, gender (male), | 7 |
Ioannou et al. (2020) [86] | USA | 10131 | 61.6±15.9 | 9221 (91.0) | Longitudinal cohort study | CAD | 2203 (21.7) | HR 1.02 (0.88-1.18) | Death | Diabetes, cancer, HTN, congestive heart failure, cerebrovascular disease, dialysis, chronic kidney disease, cirrhosis, asthma, COPD, obstructive sleep apnea, obesity, hypoventilation, alcohol dependence, smoking, Charlson comorbidity body index score | 9 |
Bahl et al. (2020) [87] | USA | 1461 | 62.0 (50.0–74.0) | 770 (52.7) | Multicentered cohort study | CVD | 163 (11.2) | HR 1.32 (0.95–1.83) | Mortality | Age, gender, race (Black/African American, White/Caucasian, other), diabetes mellitus, HTN, respiratory rate, blood oxygen saturation White blood cell count, hemoglobin, ALT, creatinine, d-dimer, procalcitonin, lactic acid | 6 |
Kabarriti et al. (2020) [88] | USA | 5902 | 58 (44-71) | 2768 (46.9) | Cohort study | CVD | 1306 (22.1) | HR 1.20 (1.03-1.41) | Death | Age, gender, socioeconomic status (Lowest quartile, Second quartile, third quartile, highest quartile) | 8 |
Jackson et al. (2020) [89] | USA | 51 | 60 (45–69) | 29 (56.9) | Retrospective observational cohort | CAD | 10 (19.6) | OR 2.37 (1.08–5.23) | Death | End-stage renal disease, neurologic disorders, | 6 |
Desai et al. (2020) [90] | Italy | 575 | 64.8 (27-93) | 380 (66.09) | Single-center, retrospective, observational study | CVD | 155 (27.1) | HR 1.78 (1.21–2.61) | Death | Age, ACEi, therapy: LMWH | 8 |
Wang et al. (2021) [91] | China | 663 | 58 (44-69) | 321 (48.4) | Retrospective | CVD | 164 (24.7) | OR 1.66 (0.82-3.47) | Poor therapeutic effect | Age, gender, respiratory diseases, urinary diseases, T2DM, severe and critical condition, Fever, Expectoration, dyspnea, chest tightness, muscle aches, dizziness, neutrophil count >6.3 × 10 per L, Lymphocyte count <1.1 × 10 per L, Hemoglobin <115 g/L, ALT >40 U/L, ALT >40 U/L, Cr >73 mmol/L, Cr >73 mmol/L, albumin <35 g/L, LDH >300 U/L, CRP >10 mg/L | 8 |
Solerte et al. (2020) [92] | Italy | 169 | 69±1.0 | 115 (68) | Multicenter, case-control, retrospective, observational study | CVD | 53 (38) | OR 2.5 (1.30–4.81) | Mortality | Treatment with sitagliptin, age, gender, cancer, chronic kidney disease, use of hydroxychloroquine use of antiviral agents | 8 |
Hayek et al. (2020) [93] | USA | 5019 | 60.42±14.86 | 3165 (63.06) | Multicenter cohort study | CAD | 676 (13.47) | OR 1.13 (0.87-1.47) | In-hospital cardiac arrest | Number of intensive care unit beds ( ≥100 (reference), 50-99, <50), age, gender, Black compared with non-Hispanic white, Hispanic compared with non-Hispanic white, body mass index per 5 kg/m2,current or former tobacco use, diabetes mellitus, HTN, coronary artery disease, congestive heart failure, kidney disease (chronic or end stage), COPD, active malignancy, mSOFA score per 2 units | 8 |
Chen et al. (2020) [94] | China | 2828 | 60.0 (50.0-68.0) | 1442 (51.0) | single-center Retrospective cohort study | CHD | 181 (6.4) | OR 3.09 (1.69-5.64) | Adverse outcomes ( death, ARDS, respiratory failure and septic shock during hospitalization, mechanical ventilation, ICU admission, as well as clinical cure and discharges) | Age, COPD, AKI, Hs-CRP, neutrophil, lymphocyte, blood pressure | 5 |
Lee et al. (2020) [95] | South Korea | 5061 | 45.44±17.92 | 2,229 (44%) | Retrospective cohort study | CVD | 49 (0.97) | HR 2.316 (1.053-5.094) | Mortality | Age, gender, cerebrovascular disease, HTN, diabetes, pulmonary disease, malignancy, CKD | 8 |
Nachega et al. (2020) [96] | South Africa | 766 | 46 (34–58) | 500 (65.6) | Retrospective cohort study | Heart disease | 30 (3.9) | HR 1.40 (0.68–2.88) | Death | Age, gender, clinical stage at admission (mild or moderate, Severe or critical, HTN, diabetes, obesity, asthma/chronic obstructive pulmonary, chronic kidney disease, cancer, HIV, current tuberculosis, chloroquine/azithromycin–based, received oxygen | 8 |
Rozaliyani et al. (2020) [97] | India | 4052 | 45.8±16.3 | 2169 (53.5) | Retrospective cohort study | Heart disease | 148 (6.9) | OR 1.43 (0.85-2.41) | Death | Age, gender, registered address (West Jakarta, Central Jakarta, South Jakarta, East Jakarta, North Jakarta, outside Jakarta, citizenship, foreigner), Symptoms (cough, fever, malaise, dyspnea, headache, nausea/emesis, Sore throat, cold/runny nose, myalgia, chills, abdominal pain, diarrhea, pneumonia), temperature, comorbidity (HTN, COPD, diabetes, renal disease, malignancy, immunological disorder, liver failure, Obesity) | 7 |
Wang et al. (2020) [98] | China | 293 | 59.2 (42.8-73.1) | 138 (47.1) | Retrospective study | Coronary heart disease | 21 (7.2) | HR 1.771 (1.013-3.097) | Mortality | Age, gender, fever, cough, expectoration, dyspnea, catarrhal symptoms, neuromuscular symptoms, digestive symptoms, comorbidity, Hypertension, diabetes, cerebrovascular disease, COPD, chronic renal disease, chronic liver disease, malignancy, only one comorbidity, ≥2 comorbidities, complications, shock, acute cardiac injury, acute renal injury, acute liver injury, Only one complication, ≥2 complications | 8 |
Liu et al. (2020) [99] | China | 77 | 63.6±3.6 | 48 (62) | Retrospective study | CVD | 15 (20) | HR 2.533 (1.108-6.306) | In-hospital death | HbA1C, age, gender, CRD | 8 |
Al Kuwari et al. (2020) [100] | Qatar | 5685 | 35.8±12.0 | 5052 (88.9) | Case series | CVD | 250 (4.4) | OR 0.54 (0.24-1.22) | Severe or critical illness | Age, gender, Qatari nationality, HTN, diabetes mellitus, chronic lung disease, chronic kidney disease, cancer | 8 |
Balbi et al. (2020) [101] | Italy | 340 | 68 (57–76) | 252 (74) | Retrospective observational study | CVD | 86 (25) | OR 3.21 (1.28–8.39) | Death | Age, SpO2, PaO2/FiO2 ratio, Brixia score | 6 |
Calmes et al. (2021) [102] | Belgium | 493 | 58 ± 19 | 244 (49.49) | NR | Cardiopathy | 88 (18) | OR 0.94 (0.53-1.7) | Intensive care unit stay | Age, gender | 8 |
Talavera et al. (2020) [103] | Spain | 576 | 67.18±14.75 | 325 (56.6) | Retrospective cohort study | Cardiological disorders | 154 (26.7) | OR 1.201 (0.716-2.016) | Mortality | Age, sex, hypertension, diabetes, smoking habit, cardiological disorders, pulmonary disorders, cancer, and chronic neurological disorders | 6 |
Zinellu et al. (2020) [104] | Italy | 105 | 72.0 (59.5-80.0) | 70 (66.67) | Retrospective | CVD | 59 (56.19) | HR 2.53 (0.80-7.99) | In-hospital mortality | Age, gender, smoking status, intensity of care, respiratory disease, kidney disease, diabetes, cancer, De Ritis index ≥ 1.63 | 7 |
Mallow et al. (2020) [105] | USA | 21676 | 64.9±17.2 | 11442 (52.8) | Retrospective cohort study | Severe heart disease | 12000 (55.4) | OR 1.27 (1.16-1.40) | Mortality | Age, gender, insurance (Medicaid as any payer), teaching status (nonteaching hospital vs teaching hospital), hospital bed Size, chronic lung disease, moderate to severe asthma, immunocompromised, obesity, diabetes, CKD with dialysis, liver disease, HTN, DNR, statin use in hospital | 8 |
Abbasi et al. (2020) [106] | Iran | 262 | 58 (43–67) | 172 (65.6) | Retrospective cohort study | CAD | 78 (29.8) | OR 6.7 (1.08–42.2) | Mortality | Age, HTN, diabetes, chronic renal failure, hypoxia at admission, WBC, LYM count, LYM% less than 20%, Hb, Plt, AST, ALT, LDH, CRP, ESR, Cr, CT severity score | 6 |
Craig-Schapiro et al. (2021) [107] | USA | 136 | 56.24±35.04 | 93 (68.38) | NR | CVD | 52 (38.23) | OR 0.76 (0.26-2.23) | Mortality | Waitlist status, age, gender, BMI, black, diabetes, pulmonary disease, history of stroke, smoking history, ACE / ARB use | 7 |
Ryan et al. (2020) [108] | USA | 556 | 57±17 | 296 (53) | Retrospective case-control study | CVD | 71 (13) | OR 1.41 (0.77–2.58) | Composite of ICU Admission, Mechanical Ventilation, and Death | Age, immunocompromised status, dyspnea, vomiting, chronic kidney disease, COPD, diabetes mellitus, ACE inhibitor, gender, obesity, current or former smoker, obstructive sleep apnea, HTN, hyperlipidemia | 6 |
Serin et al. (2020) [109] | Turkey | 2217 | 47.66±17.23 | 1175 (53) | NR | CAD | 165 (7.4) | HR 1.726 (0.645−4.618) | Mortality | COPD, chronic heart failure, HTN, diabetes mellitus, chronic renal failure, malignancy, without Involvement in CT, unilaterally, bilaterally, WBC, neutrophil, hemoglobin, C-Reactive Protein, D-Dimer, urea, aspartate aminotransferase, Lactate Dehydrogenase/Lymphocyte | 5 |
Cao et al. (2020) [110] | China | 101 | 56.6±15.1 | 67 (66.3) | Retrospective, two-center study | CVD | 21 (20.8) | OR 0.439 (0.081–2.387) | Mortality | Age, respiratory rate, dyspnea, acute respiratory distress syndrome, diabetes, HTN, chronic pulmonary disease, bacterial infection | 7 |
Gupta et al. (2020) [111] | USA | 3099 | 62 (51–71) | 2003 (64.6) | Multicenter cohort study | CAD | 390 (12.6) | OR 1.17 (0.65-2.13) | 28-day mortality | Age, gender, Non–white race, HTN, diabetes mellitus, BMI, chronic kidney disease, congestive heart failure, active malignancy, ≤3 days from hospital to ICU admission, lymphocyte count <1,000 mm3, PaO2:FiO2, altered mental status, ICU Day 1, secondary Infection, ICU Day 1, vasopressors, coagulation Component of SOFA Score, Liver component of SOFA Score, urine output (ml/day), initial RRT modality initial RRT modality, hospital size (no. pre-COVID ICU beds), regional density of COVID-19 (quartiles) | 7 |
Raparelli et al. (2021) [112] | Italy | 3517 | 77.64±11.51 | 2346 (66.7) | Retrospective analysis | Congestive Heart Failure | 539 (15.7) | OR 0.75 (0.56-1.00) | Death | AGE, IHD, T2DM, dementia, COPD, CLD, CKD, AD, fever, SOB, cough, admission in ICU, AKI, acute cardiac injury, shock, antivirals, tocilizumab, length of stay | 6 |
Chinnadurai et al. (2020) [113] | UK | 215 | 74 (60–82) | 133 (61.9) | Single-center observational study | CVD | 93 (43.3) | OR 1.20 (0.61–2.40) | Mortality | Age, care home resident, frailty, smoking, respiratory diseases | 6 |
Rajter et al. (2020) [114] | USA | 280 | 59.6±15.9 | 153 (64.6) | NR | Cardiac Disease | 43 (15.4) | OR 1.51 (0.43-5.22) | Mortality | Treatment group (Ivermectin VS Control), age, gender, current or former smoker, Race (Black, Hispanic, Other, White), comorbidities (diabetes, pulmonary, HTBN, No comorbidities), BMI, severe presentation, Intubated at study entry, MAP < 70 mm Hg, corticosteroid treatment, peripheral white cell count, lymphocyte count | 7 |
Naaraayan ey al. (2020) [115] | USA | 362 | 71 (59–82) | 200 (55.3) | Retrospective case series | Cardiac diseases | 119 (32.9) | OR 0.9 (0.5–1.4) | In-hospital mortality | age, sex, hypertension, diabetes, race, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, renal disease and obesity | 6 |
Cherri et al. (2020) [116] | Italy | 53 | 75 (68–83) | 32 (60.4) | Retrospective study | Cardiopathy | 20 (37.7) | OR 1.15 (0.187-7.13) | Mortality | Age, BMI, diabetes, active oncological disease | 7 |
Rodríguez-Molinero et al. (2020) [117] | Spain | 418 | 65.4±16.6 | 238 (56.9) | Observational cohort study | Heart failure | 26 (6.22) | OR 1.16 (0.44–3.06) | Case fatality | Age, gender, diabetes mellitus, obesity, chronic kidney disease, HTN, atrial fibrillation, dementia, OSAS, Auto-immune disease | 6 |
Clift et al. (2020) [118] | UK | 8256158 | 44.33±27.42 | 4111197 (49.8) | Cohort study | Heart failure | 96225 (1.17) | HR 1.14 (1.08–1.20) | Death | No learning disability, learning disability apart from down syndrome, down syndrome, males vs. females, Townsend material deprivation score (5-unit increase), White, Indian British, Pakistani British, Bangladeshi British, Other Asian British, Caribbean British, Black British, Chinese British, other ethnic group, not in care home or homeless, lives in residential or nursing home, Homeless according to GP records, No kidney failure, chronic kidney disease stage, chemotherapy grad, blood cancer, bone marrow or stem cell transplant in past 6 month, respiratory tract cancer, Radiotherapy in past 6 month, Solid organ transplant (excluding kidney and bone marrow), immunosuppressant drug, ≥4 scripts from GP in past 6 mo, Leukotriene or LABA, ≥4 scripts in past 6 month, Oral steroids, ≥4 scripts in past 6 month, Sickle celI disease or severe immunodeficiency, type 1 diabetes, type 2 diabetes, COPD, asthma, rare lung conditions (bronchiectasis, CF, or alveolitis), pulmonary hypertension or pulmonary fibrosis, coronary heart disease, stroke, atrial fibrillation, congestive heart failure, thromboembolism, peripheral vascular disease, congenital heart disease, dementia, Parkinson disease, Epilepsy MND, MS, myasthenia gravis, or Huntington disease, Cerebral palsy, severe mental illness, osteoporotic fracture (hip, spine, wrist, or humerus), rheumatoid arthritis or SLECirrhosis | 9 |
Clift et al. (2020) [119] | UK | 6083102 | 48.21±18.57 | 3035409 (49.90) | Population based cohort study | Coronary heart disease | 215069 (3.54) | HR 1.24 (1.10-1.40) | Death | No learning disability, learning disability apart from down syndrome, down syndrome, males vs. females, Townsend material deprivation score (5-unit increase), White, Indian British, Pakistani British, Bangladeshi British, Other Asian British, Caribbean British, Black British, Chinese British, Other ethnic group, not in care home or homeless, lives in residential or nursing home, homeless according to GP records, No kidney failure, chronic kidney disease stage, chemotherapy grad, blood cancer, bone marrow or stem cell transplant in past 6 month, respiratory tract cancer, radiotherapy in past 6 month, solid organ transplant (excluding kidney and bone marrow), immunosuppressant drug, ≥4 scripts from GP in past 6 month, Leukotriene or LABA, ≥4 scripts in past 6 month, Oral steroids, ≥4 scripts in past 6 month, sickle celI disease or severe immunodeficiency, type 1 diabetes, type 2 diabetes, COPD, asthma, rare lung conditions (bronchiectasis, CF, or alveolitis), pulmonary hypertension or pulmonary fibrosis, coronary heart disease, stroke, atrial fibrillation, congestive heart failure, thromboembolism, peripheral vascular disease, congenital heart disease, dementia, Parkinson disease, epilepsy MND, MS, myasthenia gravis, or Huntington disease, cerebral palsy, severe mental illness, osteoporotic fracture (hip, spine, wrist, or humerus), rheumatoid arthritis or SLEcirrhosis | 9 |
Gamberini et al. (2020) [120] | Italy | 2540 | 66 (59–72) | 300 (76.7) | Multicenter prospective observational study | Chronic ischemic heart disease | 35 (9) | HR 0.277 (0.181–0.423) | Mechanical ventilation | Age, SOFA score at ICU admission, renal replacement therapy during ICU stays, lowest PaO2/FiO2 within 5 days, CRS < 40 mL/cmH2O within 5 days, neurologic complications | 7 |
Omrani et al. (2020) [121] | Qatar | 1409 | 39.82±14.2 | 1167 (82.8) | Retrospective cohort study | Coronary artery disease | 31 (2.4) | OR 1.090 (0.449–2.643) | Admission to ICU | Age, gender, diabetes mellitus, HTN, chronic liver disease, chronic kidney disease, BMI | 6 |
Yahyavi et al. (2020) [122] | Iran | 2553 | 58.1±17.9 | 1498 (58.7) | Retrospective cohort study | CVD | 942 (36.9) | OR 1.1 (0.8-1.5) | Mortality | angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors, angiotensin receptor blockers, chronic kidney disease, chronic pulmonary disease, diabetes mellitus, intensive care unit, diuretics, beta-blockers, and calcium channel blockers | 7 |
Guisado-Vasco et al. (2020) [135] | Spain | 607 | 69±22.0 | 394 (65.02) | Retrospective, observational, longitudinal study | Chronic cardiac disease | 133 (22.62) | OR 1.956 (0.778-4.922) | In-hospital death | Age, gender, Chest X-ray score, hydroxychloroquine, tocilizumab, lopinavir/ritonavir, cyclosporine A, Glucocorticoids, Lymphocyte count at admission, Ferritin at admission, C-reactive protein at admission, lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) at admission, d-dimer at admission, Creatinine at admission, arterial hypertension, diabetes mellitus, chronic respiratory disease, PaO2/FiO2 | 7 |
Izzy et al.* (2020) [124] | USA | 5190 | 52 (36–66) | 2378 (46) | NR | Coronary artery disease | 257 (5) | OR 0.52 (0.323–0.835) | ICU Admission | Age, gender, smoking status, last BMI, comorbidities (diabetes mellitus, hyperlipidemia, HTN, obstructive lung disease, interstitial lung disease, cerebrovascular disease, obstructive sleep apnea, CKD, transplantation, auto-immune diseases, malignancy), total comorbidities (0, 1–2, >2) | 8 |
Chow et al. (2020) [125] | USA | 412 | 55 (41-66) | 244(52.9) | Retrospective, observational cohort study | CAD | 52 (12.62) | HR 1.91 (1.06-3.42) | In-hospital death | Age, gender, BMI, Ethnicity (African American, Asian, Hispanic/Latino), HTN, DM, renal disease, aspirin use | 6 |
Raines et al. (2020) [126] | USA | 440 | 60.8±14.07 | 393 (89.32) | Retrospective | CVD | 364 (82.73) | OR 0.9 (0.47-1.73) | Mortality | Age, gender, race, BMI, immunodeficiency syndromes, pulmonary diseases, oncologic diseases, gastrointestinal diseases, renal diseases, hematologic diseases, endocrine diseases, neurologic problems, lifetime tobacco user | 7 |
Ramos-Rincon et al. (2020) [123] | Spain | 2772 | 86.3 (83.2-89.6) | 1367 (49.4) | Nationwide, multicenter, retrospective, observational study | CVD | 855 (30.8) | OR 1.22 (0.96-1.54) | Mortality | Age, gender, degree of dependence (independent or mild, moderate, Severe), comorbidities ( Charlson comorbidity Index, non-atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease, atherosclerotic cardiovascular diseases, dementia, obesity, moderate-severe renal disease), symptoms (shortness of breath, anorexia, diarrhea), physical exam (Oxygen saturation < 90% (pulsi oximetry), temperature 37.8 ºC, HTN (systolic blood pressure<100 mmHg), tachycardia (>100 beats per minute), Tachypnoea (20 breaths per minute), confusion, pulmonary rales, qSOFA score 2 (high risk)), chest X-ray (normal, unilateral infiltrates, bilateral infiltrates), laboratory findings (leukocytes 10.0 x103/L, neutrophils 7.5 x103/L, Lymphocytes<0.800 x103/L, monocytes<0.500 x103/L, pH<7.40, PO2, PO2/FiO2 ratio < 200, glucose > 126 mg/dL, eGFR < 45ml/min/1.73m2, lactate dehydrogenase 500 U/L, AST,ALT, CRP, venous lactate, procalcitonin, interleukin-6, d-dimer, serum ferritin) | 6 |
Zhang et al. (2021) [127] | China | 222 | 51.5 (34.0-65.3) | 90(40.54) | NR | Chronic cardiovascular disease | 44 (19.82) | HR 3.616 (1.111-11.776) | Mortality | Dyspnea, pharyngalgia, COPD, elevated myocardial enzymes, acute liver dysfunction, acute kidney injury | 6 |
de Souza et al. (2020) [128] | Brazil | 9807 | 70.21±8.37 | 4662 (47.5) | Retrospective population-based study | CVD | 1192 (12.2) | OR 1.15 (0.95–1.39) | Mortality | Age, gender, initial symptoms reported (initial symptoms reported, fever, fatigue, headache, myalgia, odynophagia, dyspnea, diarrhea), comorbidities (diabetes, HTN, chronic lung disease, chronic kidney disease, obesity) | 8 |
Kolhe et al. (2020) [129] | UK | 1161 | 72.1±16.0 | 657 (56.59) | Retrospective cohort study | Congestive cardiac failure | 207 (17.83) | OR 1.38 (0.95-1.99) | Mortality | Age, gender, ethnicity (White, Asian, Black, mixed, others, not stated), cerebrovascular disease, Dementia, chronic lung disease, connective tissue disorder, Diabetes with complication, paraplegia, chronic kidney disease, chronic liver disease, Cancer, treatment (ACEI or ARB use, ACEI or ARB use), AKI | 8 |
Kim et al. (2021) [130] | USA | 10861 | 65 (54-77) | 6468(59.6) | NR | CAD | 1447 (13.3) | OR 1.02 (0.90-1.17) | Death | Age, gender, race/ethnicity, BMI, HTN, DM,CKD, end stage renal disease, cancer, asthma, COPD, smoking status, hospital type | 6 |
Giustino et al. (2020) [131] | New York City & Milan | 305 | 63 (53–73) | 205 (67.2) | International, multicenter cohort study | Heart failure | 24 (7.9) | OR 5.38 (1.65-17.54) | In-Hospital Death | Age, Hispanic ethnicity, history of heart failure, cardiocirculatory shock, acute respiratory distress syndrome, acute kidney injury stage II or III, no cardiac injury (No cardiac injury vs cardiac injury with echocardiographic abnormalities) | 7 |
An et al. (2020) [132] | Korea | 228 | 44.97±19.79 | 107 (46.9) | Cohort study | CVD | 70 (30.7) | HR 1.23 (0.89-1.70) | Mortality | Age, gender, income level, residence, household type, disability, symptom, infection route, underlying medical condition (none, HTN, diabetes mellitus, hyperlipidemia, cerebrovascular disease, cancer, chronic lung disease or asthma, chronic renal disease, mental illness, chronic liver disease) | 6 |
Piazza et al. (2020) [133] | USA | 1114 | 50.6±18.3 | 511 (45.9) | Retrospective observational cohort analysis | CAD | 90 (8.1) | OR 1.09 (0.38–3.16) | Death | Major arterial or venous thromboembolic event (Age, gender, VTE prophylaxis, ARDS, d-dimer (decile)) | 7 |
Rao et al. (2020) [134] | China | 240 | 48 (23–87) | 111 (46.250 | Retrospective cohort study | CVD | 43 (17.9) | OR 3.326 (0.721-15.336) | Severe pneumonia | Age | 7 |
Tehrani et al. (2021) [136] | Sweden. | 255 | 66±17 | 150 (59) | Retrospective analysis | Chronic heart failure | 34 (13) | OR 1.01 (0.42-2.42) | Death | Age, HTN, chronic kidney disease, previous stroke | 8 |
Hyman et al. (2020) [137] | USA | 755 | 63±13 | 483 (64.0) | Retrospective cohort study | Congestive heart failure or valve disorder | 30 (4.3) | HR 1.39 (0.87–2.23) | Mortality | Hospital site, baseline demography, preexisting comorbidities, laboratory findings at admission, maximum vital sign values | 7 |
Hamilton et al. (2020) [138] | UK | 1032 | 71 (56–83) | 569 (55.1) | Retrospective review | Congestive Heart Failure | 129 (12.5) | HR 2.01 (1.51-2.67) | Mortality | AKI, cancer, other ethnicity, diabetes, gender, RAASi, race, dementia, myocardial infarction, age | 6 |
Liu et al. (2020) [139] | China | 774 | 64 (54–73) | 452 (58.4) | Multicenter retrospective observational study | Chronic cardiac disease | 91 (11.8) | HR 1.12 (0.68–1.84) | Mortality | Time-varying exposure, age, gender, APACHE II score, COPD, diabetes, HTN, chronic kidney disease, chronic liver disease, stroke, malignancy, immunosuppression, fever at admission, systolic pressure at admission, leukocytes, hemoglobin, platelets, lymphocytes, d-dimer, total bilirubin, serum creatinine, procalcitonin, corticosteroids, corticosteroids, human immunoglobulin | 8 |
Ganatra et al. (2020) [140] | USA | 2467 | 59 (18–101) | 1032 (42) | Retrospective study | CAD | 184 (7.0) | OR 0.92 (0.66–1.27) | Severe disease | Age, prior/current smoker, β-blockers, history of cancer, gender, diabetes mellitus, ACEi or ARB, HTN, COPD, CKD | 4 |
Rubio-Rivas et al. (2020) [141] | Spain | 12066 | 68 (56–79) | 7052 (58.5) | Cohort study | Chronic heart failure | 809 (6.7) | OR 1.16 (1.02–1.32) | In-hospital mortality | Age, gender, BMI, clusters, comorbidity (Arterial hypertension, diabetes mellitus, hyperlipidemia, hyperlipidemia, chronic kidney disease, chronic hepatopathy, active cancer), Charlson’s index, heart rate upon admission, respiratory rate upon admission > 20 bpm, PaO2/FiO2 upon admission, lab test upon admission (CRP mg/L, LDH U/L), treatments during admission (Redeliver, tocilizumab, corticosteroids) | 9 |
Mendes et al. (2020) [142] | Switzerland | 235 | 86.3±6.5 | 102 (43.4) | Retrospective monocentric cohort study | Heart failure | 66 (28.1) | OR 1.51 (0.95-2.40) | Mortality | Gender | 6 |
Nemer et al. (2020) [143] | USA | 350 | 64±16 | 194 (55) | Prospective | Congestive heart failure | 42 (12) | OR 0.76 (0.17-3.39) | Primary composite outcome was defined as death, ICU transfer, or increased oxygen requirement. | Age, BMI, COPD, peripheral oxygen saturation on room air, CRP, lactate dehydrogenase level, abnormal troponin T level, abnormal d-dimer level, Abnormal chest x-ray findings | 8 |
Guo et al. (2020) [144] | China | 350 | 43(32–56) | 173(49.4) | Retrospective, multicenter study | CVD | 15 (4.3) | OR 1.81 (0.42–7.84) | Severe COVID-19 | Age, gender, Wuhan exposure, family cluster case, smoking, comorbidity (HTN, diabetes, chronic kidney disease, chronic liver disease, cerebral infarction) | 6 |
Hilbrands et al. (2020) [145] | Netherlands | 305 | 60±13 | 189(62) | Observational study | Heart failure | 64 (21) | OR 1.39 (1.02–1.89) | 28-day case-fatality | Age, gender | 5 |
Wang et al. (2020) [146] | China | 7283 | 64 (53–71) | 3732 (51.2) | Retrospective observational study | CVD | 161 (2.2) | HR 1.83 (1.33-2.51) | Death | Age, gender, location (central area in Wuhan, Other areas), occupation (medical workers, retirees, others), diabetes, HTN, respiratory disease, number of symptoms at admission, date of onset (Dec 2019–9 Jan 2020, 10–22 Jan 2020, 23 Jan–1 Feb 2020, 2–25 Feb 2020) | 9 |
Tang et al. (2020) [147] | USA | 752 | 73.9 (21.9-105.4) | 323 (43) | Cohort study | Coronary heart disease | 240 (31.91) | HR 0.83 (0.58-1.19) | Death | Age, gender, race, and facility | 8 |
Annweiler et al. (2020) [173] | France | 77 | 88 (85−92) | 39 (50.6) | Retrospective quasi-experimental study | Cardiomyopathy | 42 (54.5) | HR 4.04 (0.81-20.30) | 14-day mortality | Age, gender, Iso resource groups score, severe undernutrition, history of cancer, history of HTN, glycated hemoglobin, number of acute health issue, use antibiotics, use of systemic corticosteroids, use treatments of respiratory disorder | 5 |
Huang et al. (2020) [148] | China | 676 | 56.0 (39.0–68.0) | 314 (46.4) | Retrospective study | Heart Disease | 71 (10.5) | HR 1.40 (0.76–2.47) | Hospital mortality | Age, gender, HTN, Diabetes, cancer, d-dimer, CRP, PCT, LDH | 6 |
Poterucha et al. (2021) [149] | USA | 887 | 64.1 | 513 (58) | Retrospective study | CAD | 104 (12.0) | HR 1.56 (1.04-2.33) | Mortality | AF/AFL, QRS abnormality, ST-T wave abnormality, Initial hs-cTnT ≥ 20 ng/L, age, gender, Hypertension, Diabetes, CKD, primary lung disease, Obesity, HFrEF, HFpEF, active cancer, history of cancer | 6 |
Li et al. (2020) [150] | China | 100 | 62.0 (51.0–70.8) | 56 (56.0) | NR | CVD | 15 (15.0) | HR 3.73 (0.41–33.84) | Cardiac damage | Age, gender, Hypertension, diabetes, hyperlipidemia, white blood count, prothrombin time, d-dimer, creatinine interleukin-6, procalcitonin, hs-CRP | 6 |
Prado-Galbarro et al. (2020) [151] | Mexico | 9487 | 31.37 (41.13-51.18) | 5050 (53.2) | Observational study | CVD | 171(1.8) | HR 0.85 (0.67-1.06) | Mortality | Age, gender, indigenous ethnicity, pneumonia, COPD, diseases associated with immunosuppression, additional comorbidity (Chronic diseases interaction, HTN, diabetes, obesity, chronic kidney disease, intensive care unit), region, density, mode of transport (driving, public transport, walking) | 8 |
Shah et al. (2020) [152] | USA | 487 | 68.53±16.66 | 273 (56.06) | Retrospective review | Cardiomyopathy | 16 (3.28) | OR 3.33 (1.07-10.41) | Mortality | Age, gender, patient admitted from home, PMH HTN, PMH hyperlipidemia, PMH A. fib, , PMH CVA, PMH diabetes, PMH dementia, PMH active cancer, AKI, Dyspnea in ED noted as positive, initial CXR/CT findings | 7 |
Botta et al. (2021) [153] | Netherlands | 553 | 67.0 (59.0–73.0) | 417 (75) | National, multicenter, observational cohort study | Heart failure | 25 (5.0) | OR 0.73 (0.26-2.08) | 28-day mortality | Ventilatory variables on day 0 (positive end-expiratory pressure, tidal volume, respiratory system compliance), PaO2/FiO2, laboratory tests on day 0* pH, Lactate, Creatinine), vital signs on day 0 (Heart rate, mean arterial pressure), organ support on day 0 (use of vasopressor, fluid balance), demographic characteristics (age, gender, BMI, HTN, diabetes, chronic kidney disease, COPD, use of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor, use of angiotensin II receptor blocker) | 6 |
Di Domenico et al. (2020) [154] | France | 310 | 64 (52–76) | 200 (64.5) | Single‑center retrospective study | Heart disease | 50 (16.2) | HR 1.921 (0.893-4.135) | Death | Age, diabetes, HTN, CKD, obesity, vascular disease, ever been a smoker | 7 |
Ayaz et al. (2020) [155] | Pakistan | 66 | 50.6±19.1 | 40 (61) | Retrospective cohort study | Ischemic heart disease | 10 (15) | OR 26.5 (4.7–147.8) | Mortality | Age, diabetes, HTN, ICU admission, mechanical ventilation, bilateral infiltrates on chest radiography, neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio ≥3.3, INR ≥1.2 | 6 |
Hippisley-Cox et al. (2020) [156] | UK | 8275949 | 48.47±18.41 | 4115973 (49.73) | Prospective cohort study | CVD | 433631 (5.24) | HR 0.85 (0.66-1.10) | Admission to ICU | ACE inhibitor, angiobrnsin enzyme blocker, gender, material deprivation, ethnicity, geographical region, smoking status, BMI, chronic renal disease, atrial fibrillation, type 1 diabetes, type 2 diabetes, hypertension, asthma, COPD, Beta-blockers, calcium channel blockers, other diabetes drugs, sulfonylureas, biguanides, anticoagulants, antiplatelets, statins, statins, potassium-sparing diuretics | 9 |
Tomasoni et al. (2020) [157] | Italy | 692 | 66.5±13.3 | 415 (68.9) | Multicenter study | CAD | 148 (21.4) | HR 1.20 (0.67-2.14) | In-hospital mortality | Age, gender, smoker, HTN, hyper dyslipidemia, Diabetes, atrial fibrillation, COPD, CKD, Treatment before hospitalization (ACE-i/ARBs/ARNI, mineralocorticoids, Beta-blockers, direct oral anticoagulants, warfarin, Statins), baseline findings (heart rate, Oxygen saturation), laboratory measurements (PaO2/FiO2, red blood cell count, hemoglobin, hematocrit, lymphocytes count, platelets count, creatinine, eGFR (CKD-EPI), CRP on admission, procalcitonin, troponin, NT-proBNP, d-dimer, aspartate transaminase, albumin, international normalized Ratio) | 7 |
Elmunzer et al. (2020) [158] | North American | 1846 | 59.9±16.4 | 1044 (56.6) | Large-scale retrospective cohort study | Congestive Heart Failure | 284 (15.4) | OR 1.60 (1.12-2.28) | Death | H2RA Use, PPI Use, age, gender, race, dementia, number of comorbidities, WBC at admission, platelets at admission, AST at admission, albumin at admission | 6 |
Polverino et al. (2020) [159] | Italy | 3179 | 2171 (68.3) | Nationwide observational study | Coronary artery disease | 359 (11.3) | OR 1.11 (0.83-1.49) | Death | Age, gender, atrial fibrillation, blood cancer, COPD chronic renal failure, diabetes, HTN, obesity, organ cancer, stroke | 5 | |
Sharp et al. (2020) [160] | USA | 21280 | 50 (34-66) | 9053 (42.5) | Retrospective cohort study | Congestive Heart Failure | NA (NA) | OR 1.45 (1.18–1.77) | Adverse outcomes (death, ARDS, respiratory failure and septic shock during hospitalization, mechanical ventilation, ICU admission, as well as clinical cure and discharges) | Age, gender, BMI, coagulopathy, diabetes, fluid and electrolyte disorders, other neurological disorders, weight Loss, heart rate, systolic BP, oxygen saturation, respiratory rate | 8 |
Stebbing et al. (2020) [161] | Italy&Spain | 166 | 74.05±13.06 | 85 (51.2) | Observational studies | CVD | 48 (28.9) | HR 1.41 (0.68-2.92) | Death & admission to ICU | Age, gender, HTN, diabetes, chronic Obstructive Lung disease, cronic kidney disease, Solid cancer, Charlson Comorbidity Index, baseline PaO2/FiO2, lymphocyte count (/mcL), alanine aminotransferase, hydroxychloroquine, lopinavir/ritonavir, glucocorticoids, low molecular weight heparin, antibiotics | 6 |
Fu et al. (2020) [162] | China | 355 | 43.5* | 193 (54.37) | Hospital-Based Retrospective Cohort Study | Heart disease | 20 (6.2) | OR 0.454 (0.102-2.010) | Myocardial injury | Age, gender, HTN, diabetes | 7 |
Sheshah et al. (2020) [163] | Saudi Arabia | 300 | 49.7±13.2 | 259 (86.3) | Single-center, retrospective study | Coronary Artery Disease | 10 (3.3) | OR 19.4 (1.5-260) | Mortality | Age, gender, HTN, type 2 diabetes mellitus, chronic kidney disease, acute kidney injury, stroke, methylprednisolone, dexamethasone, hydroxychloroquine, azithromycin | 6 |
Bowe et al. (2020) [164] | USA | 5216 | 70 (61–76) | 4908 (94) | Cohort study | CVD | 1588 (30.0) | OR 0.87 (0.76-1.01) | Severe AKI | Age, gender, race, Smoking status, HTN, diabetes mellitus type 2, ACEI/ARB, diuretics, anticoagulant, immunosuppressants, b-blocker, aspirin, eGFR category | 8 |
Cheng et al. (2020) [165] | China | 220 | 59.5 (48.3-70.0) | 106 (48.2) | Retrospective, observational study | CAD | 22 (10.0) | HR 0.97 (0.35-2.68) | In-hospital death | Hypertension, history of cerebrovascular disease, History of diabetes mellitus, history of diabetes mellitus | 4 |
Neumann-Podczaska et al. (2020) [166] | Poland | 50 | 74.8±9.4 | 35 (70.0) | Retrospective | Heart disease | 26 (52.0) | HR 2.61 (0.92–7.39) | 60-day mortality | Age, functional Capacity, Diabetes | 6 |
Ken-Dror et al. (2020) [167] | UK | 429 | 70±18 | 242 (56.4) | Prospective cohort study | Chronic cardiac disease/congenital heart disease | 103 (31.3) | OR 3.43 (2.1-5.63) | Mortality | Self-reported feverishness 38°C, cough self-report, oxygen saturation, history of fever, cough, sore throat, chest pain, muscle aches myalgia, altered consciousness confusion, obesity as defined by clinical staff, diabetes with complications, dementia, malnutrition, current admission to ICU/IMC/HDU, non-invasive ventilation BIPAP/CPAP, invasive ventilation, high flow nasal canula oxygen therapy, clinical pneumonia, inotropes vasopressors, viral pneumonia, bacterial pneumonia, anemia | 7 |
Iannelli et al. (2020) [168] | France | 8286 | 59.1±12.6 | 4296 (51.8) | Retrospective | Cardiac failure | 569 (6.9) | OR 1.53 (1.24–1.89) | Death | Age, gender, cancer, diabetes, bariatric surgery | 9 |
Sharifpour et al. (2020) [169] | USA | 268 | 63±15 | 149 (55.6) | Cohort analysis | CAD | 36 (13.4) | OR 1.381 (0.498–3.826) | Mortality | Age, CRP Slope d1to7, CRP tests (count d1 to 7), CRRT, CRP Max d1to7, obesity (BMI> = 30kg/m2), intubation, SOFA score, HTN | 6 |
Martins-Filho et al. (2020) [170] | Northeast Brazil | 1207 | 60 (46–73) | 724 (60) | Retrospective cohort study | Heart failure | 102 (8.45) | OR 2.00 (1.31–3.04) | Mortality | Infectious disease, kidney disease, age | 6 |
Lee et al. (2020) [171] | Korea | 7339 | 47.1±19.0 | 2970 (40.1) | Nationwide Population-Based Retrospective Study | CVD | 455 (6.1) | OR 0.95 (0.64–1.40) | Death | Influenza, tuberculosis, COPD, pneumonia, asthma, DM, CKD, Chronic liver disease, HTN, malignancies, HIV infection, lopinavir/ritonavir, Hydroxychloroquine, ribavirin, type I interferon, Human immunoglobulin G, Oseltamivir, antibiotics, age, gender | 8 |
Loffi et al. (2020) [172] | Italy | 1252 | 64.7±15.5 | 798 (63.74) | Retrospective, observational, single-center study | CAD | 124 (9.9) | HR 1.14 (0.79-1.63) | Death | Age, gender, LVEF<35%, CVA, atrial fibrillation, diabetes mellitus, hypertension, smoking, CKD | 5 |
Grodecki et al. (2021) [175] | USA | 109 | 63.74±15.11 | 68 (62.39) | Prospective | Heart failure | 16 (14.68) | OR 3.5 (1.1-8.2) | Death | Age, gender, diabetes mellitus, hypertension, smoking history, chronic lung disease, history of coronary artery disease, epicardial adipose tissue volume (mL), epicardial adipose tissue attenuation, total pneumonia burden | 7 |
Rossi et al. (2020) [80] | Italy | 590 | 76.2 (68.2–82.6) | 399 (67.6) | Retrospective observational study | CVD | 95 (16.1) | HR 1.180 (0.855–1.628) | Mortality | Age, gender, vital signs at admission (temperature, PaO2/FiO2, PaO2/FiO2<300), laboratory parameters (LDH, CRP, white blood cell count, lymphocyte’s rate), chronic diseases (hyperlipidemia, diabetes, atrial fibrillation, COPD, CKD, stroke, malignancy, 3 or more comorbidities), chronical drugs intake (ACEi, ARBs, CCBs, Alpha blockers, Diuretics, Beta blockers) | 6 |
Khan et al. (2020) [177] | Saudi Arabia | 648 | 34±19 | 342 (52.8) | Retrospective cohort study | Cardiac diseases | 23 (3.5) | OR 3.05 (1.16-8.02) | ICU admission | Age, gender, smoker, comorbidities (one or more comorbidity, two or more comorbidity, diabetes mellitus, HTN, CRD, chronic kidney diseases, cancer/immunodeficiency), symptoms (fever, cough, sore throat, runny nose, headache, GI symptoms, myalgia), vital signs (temperature (≥38), heart rate ≥100, respiratory rate, respiratory rate, respiratory rate, DBP, oxygen saturation, oxygen saturation) | 7 |
Rutten et al. (2020) [178] | Netherlands | 1538 | 84±8.7 | 554 (36.02) | Prospective cohort study | CVD | 53 (3.47) | HR 1.15 (0.97-1.35) | Mortality | Age, gender, comorbidity (Dementia, cerebrovascular disease, diabetes mellitus, chronic respiratory disease, reduced kidney function, Parkinson’s disease) | 6 |
Schuelter-Trevisol et al. (2020) [179] | Brazil | 211 | 51.2* | 113 (53.6) | Cohort study | Chronic heart disease | 27 (12.9) | OR 0.98 (0.31-3.10) | Death | Age, gender, comorbidities (arterial hypertension, diabetes mellitus, obesity, neurologic/psychiatric diseases, chronic lung diseases, dyslipidemia, smoking habits, cancer, chronic kidney diseases, vascular diseases) | 6 |
FAI2R /SFR/SNFMI/SOFREMIP/CRI/IMIDIATE (2020) [174] | France | 694 | 56.1±16.4 | 232 (33.4) | Observational, multicenter, French national cohort study | Coronary heart diseases | 68 (9.8) | OR 1.86 (0.97–3.56) | Severity | Age, gender | 8 |
Nyaberaet al. (2020) [181] | USA | 290 | 77.6±8.3 | 150 (51.7) | Single-center retrospective cohort study | CAD | 80 (27.6) | OR 0.91 (0.52-1.62) | Mortality | BMI, age, COPD, asthma, DM, HTN, end-stage renal disease | 4 |
Ozturk et al. (2021) [182] | Turkey | 1160 | 60.5 (47–71) | 627 (54.1) | Multicenter, retrospective, observational study | CVD | NR (NR) | HR 1.242 (0.850–1.815) | Death | Age, gender, diabetes mellitus, HTN, COPD, albumin, hemoglobin, lymphocyte count, platelet count, CRP increase, clinic presentation, COVID-19 diagnosis by RT-PCR, patient group, control group (HD group, RT group, CKD group) | 5 |
Druyan et al. (2021) [183] | Israel | 181 | 62.71* | 107(59.1) | Single center study | Heart failure | 10 (5.52) | OR 2.35 (0.24-18.64) | Severe, critical or fatal COVID19 | Gender, AID, HTN, dyslipidemia, diabetes, malignancy, IHD, arrhythmia, obesity, pulmonary disease, smoking, CVA, renal failure, older age | 5 |
Alguwaihes et al. (2020) [184] | Saudi Arabia | 439 | 55 (19–101) | 300 (68.3) | Single-center retrospective study | CVD | 44 (10.0) | HR 1.8 (0.7–4.4) | Death | Age, gender, comorbidities (obesity, HTN, diabetes mellitus, chronic kidney disease, congestive heart failure, stroke, smoking), medications (β-Blocker use, ACE inhibitor use, ARB Use), laboratory investigations (RBG, FPG, HbA1c>9.0%, bilateral lung infiltrates, neutrophil count>7.5, creatinine>90 μmol/l, ALT>65 U/l, 25(OH)D<12.5 nmol/l) | 7 |
Özdemir et al. (2021) [185] | Turkey | 101 | 49.60±18 | 55 (54.4) | Retrospective study | Chronic heart failure | 10 (9.9) | HR 1.02 (0.98 – 1.10) | QTc prolongation | Baseline QTc, HCQ alone, HCQ + AZM | 6 |
Gue et al. (2020) [186] | UK | 316 | 73.42±15.97 | 192 (61.1) | Single-center retrospective cohort | CAD | 48 (15.19) | OR 1.62 (0.76–4.07) | 30-day mortality | Age, gender, HTN, atrial fibrillation, oral anticoagulants, modified sepsis-induced coagulopathy score | 7 |
Galiero et al. (2020) [187] | Italy | 618 | 65±15.2 | 379 (61.3) | Multicenter retrospective observational cohort study | Chronic Cardiac Disease | 166 (26.9) | OR 0.96 (0.53-1.76) | Mortality | Age, gender, Glasgow Coma Score/15, respiratory severity Scale, CKD, CLD, chronic respiratory disease, malignancies | 6 |
Rosenthal et al. (2020) [188] | USA | 64781 | 56.1±19.9 | 31968 (49.3) | Retrospective cohort study | Myocardial infarction | 3717 (5.7) | OR 1.47 (1.34-1.62) | In-Hospital Mortality | Age, gender, race, payer type, admission point of origin, hospital region, hospital beds, hospital teaching status, hospital teaching status, Sepsis, acute kidney failure, hypokalemia, acidosis, acute liver damage, neurological disorder, baseline comorbidities (Cerebrovascular disease, COPD, dementia, diabetes, any malignant neoplasm, metastatic solid tumor, hemiplegia, AIDS, HTN, Hyperlipidemia) | 9 |
Rethemiotaki et al. (2020) [189] | the World Health Organization dataset and Chi nese Center for Disease Control and Preventio | 44672 | 71* | 22981 (51.44) | NR | CVD | 92 (15.9) | OR 13.6 (10.3–17.9) | Death | Age, gender, occupation (service industry, farmer/laborer, health worker, retiree, other/none), province: (Hubei, Other), Wuhan-related exposure, comorbid condition (HTN, diabetes, chronic respiratory disease, cancer (any), none) | 8 |
Pantea Stoian et al. (2020) [176] | China | 432 | NR | NR | Multiple-case, multiple-center | Heart failure | 30 (6.94) | OR 2.990 (1.612–5.546) | Death | Age, gender, HTN, obesity, diabetes type 2, dialysis, chronic kidney disease, COPD, supraventricular tachyarrhythmia, respiratory failure, Intercept | 7 |
Zhou et al. (2020) [191] | China | 134 | 62.08±14.38* | 85 (63.4) | Retrospective | Coronary heart disease | 16 (11.94) | OR 1.098 (0.202–5.959) | Death | Gender, age, HTN, coronary heart disease, neutrophil, lymphocyte, ALT, IL-2, IL-6, TNF-α, D-dimer, and total CT score | 6 |
Stefan et al. (2021) [192] | Romania | 37 | 64 (55–71) | 19 (51) | Retrospective, observational, single-center study | Coronary heart disease | 19 (51.0) | HR 0.98 (0.05–17.54) | In-hospital death | Age, hemodialysis vintage, obesity, current smoker, diabetes mellitus, Charlson comorbidity index, basal oxygen saturation, hemoglobin, lymphocytes, CRP, serum albumin, LDH, Lopinavir–ritonavir, Tocilizumab, hydroxychloroquine, glucocorticoids | 7 |
Ahnach et al. (2021) [180] | Morocco | 101 | 50 (32–63) | 75 (51.72) | Retrospective study | CVD | 16 (11.03) | OR 3.74 (0.76–18.29 | Disease severity | Age, gender, HTN, diabetes, other disease, respiratory symptom, neutrophil, lymphocyte, eosinophil, CRP | 6 |
Eshrati et al. (2020) [193] | Iran | 3188 | 55.05 ± 0.31 | 1925 (60.4) | Retrospective cohort study | CVD | 401 (12.6) | HR 0.60 (0.83-1.13) | death | Age, gender, immune disease, diabetes, liver disease, kidney disease, ,COPD, cancer, chronic nervous disease, type of treatment | 8 |
Özyılmaz et al. (2020) [194] | Turkey | 105 | 45 (20–87) | 76 (72.3) | Single-center, retrospective, observational study | CAD | 14 (13.3) | OR 0.024 (0.000–1.207) | Mortality | Troponin I, C-Reactive protein, lymphocyte count, shortness of breath, HTN, hyperlipidemia, diabetes mellitus | 7 |
Tan et al. (2020) [195] | China | 163 | 69.0 (62.0-78.0) | 109 (66.9) | Retrospective study | Chronic cardiac injury | 25 (15.3) | OR 2.660 (1.034-6.843) | Mortality | Age, gender, HTN, diabetes | 5 |
Ling et al. (2020) [196] | UK | 444 | 74 (63-83) | 245 (55.2) | Cross-Sectional Multi-Centre Observational Study | Heart failure | 54 (12.2) | OR 1.61 (0.87–2.99) | Mortality | Age, gender, diabetes, non-Caucasian ethnicity, baseline serum 25(OH)D levels, vitamin D deficiency, treatment with cholecalciferol booster therapy, admission SpO2 < 96%, admission CRP > 73 mg/L, admission creatinine > 83 μmol/L, received CPAP, length of stay >11 days, diabetes (types 1 and 2 combined), admission glucose > 6·9 mmol/L, COPD, asthma, IHD, current or previous ACS, HTN, current or previous TIA or stroke, dementia, obesity, malignancy of solid organ, malignancy of skin, hematological malignancy, solid organ transplant, inflammatory arthritis, inflammatory bowel disease | 5 |
Zhong et al. (2020) [197] | China | 126 | 66.3±10.6 | 56 (44.4) | Retrospective observational study | CVA | 21 (16.7) | OR 2.03 (0.45-9.08) | Death | Age, gender, ACEI/ARB, stains | 5 |
Izurieta et al. (2020) [198] | USA | 12613 | 80.5* | 6496 (51.5) | Retrospective cohort study | Congestive Heart Failure | 3557 (28.2) | OR 1.30 (1.23, 1.36)) | Death | Age, gender, reason for entering medicare, ADI national rank, logged COVID-19 circulation rate by 100,000, logged population density by county, vaccination, presence of medical conditions (HTN, obesity, diabetes, hospitalized stroke/TIA, coronary revascularization, atrial fibrillation, hospitalized AMI, other cerebrovascular disease, COPD, asthma without COPD, interstitial lung disease, hypersensitivity pneumonitis, bronchiectasis, chronic liver disease, neurological/neurodevelopmental conditions), frailty conditions, immunocompromised status, estimated overall, interaction effects of age, dual-eligibility, and race, 80 years old vs. 65 years old, dual-eligible vs. non-dual-eligible, dual-eligible vs. non-dual-eligible, effects of being dual-eligible, by race, non-whites vs. whites, non-dual-eligible, non-whites vs. whites, dual-eligible | 8 |
Burrell et al. (2021) [199] | Australia | 304 | 63.5 (53–72) | 140 (69%) | Prospective, observational cohort study | Chronic cardiac disease | 40 (20) | HR 3.38 (1.46–7.83) | Mortality | Age, gender, APACHE-II score on ICU day 1, comorbid conditions (comorbid conditions), | 5 |
Li et al. (2020) [190] | China | 123 | 64.43±14.02 | 62 (50.41) | Retrospective study | CVD | 26 (21.14) | OR 0.686 (0.227–2.076) | Unfavorable clinical outcomes | Age, gender, diabetes, HTN, COPD, CT severity score, GGO volume, GGO volume percentage, consolidation volume, consolidation volume percentage | 4 |
Caliskan et al. (2020) [200] | Turkey | 56 | 48±19.664 | NR | Retrospective observational study | CAD | 42 (7.4) | OR 6.252 (2.171-18.004) | Mortality | Former smoker, current smoker, age, COPD, diabetes, dementia, HTN, chronic renal failure, arrhythmia | 5 |
Vafadar et al. (2021) [201] | Iran | 219 | 57.8±16.5 | 137 (62.6) | Retrospective cohort | Ischemic heart disease | 46 (22.37) | HR 1.98 (0.94–4.17) | Mortality | Respiratory rate, SpO2 ≤ 90%, WBC count, NLR, age | 6 |
Working group for the surveillance and control of COVID-19 in Spain et al. (2020) [202] | Spain | 2612 | 83 (75–89) | 14680 (56.2) | NR | CVD | 11444 (59.9) | OR 1.32 (1.23-1.42) | Death | Gender, age, pneumonia, acute respiratory distress syndrome, acute renal failure, Diabetes, HTN, chronic lung disease, chronic renal disease, healthcare worker | 6 |
Rashidi et al. (2021) [203] | Iran, Germany, USA | 1529 | 56 (32–80) | 832 (54.4) | Multi-center prospective study | Cardiac disease | 149 (9.7) | OR 0.80 (0.36–1.76) | Death | Age, gender, recent cancer, COPD, CKD, smoking, diabetes mellitus, HTN | 5 |
Chaudhri et al. (2020) [204] | USA | 317 | 59.16±17.5 | 166 (52.37) | Single-center cohort study | Coronary artery disease | 27 (12) | OR 0.92 (0.39-2.17) | Key outcomes | Age, gender, history of ARB use,history of ACEI use, HTN, diabetes, CKD | 5 |
Huh et al. (2021) [205] | South Korea | 219961 | 49.4 (18–116) | 104331 (47.4) | Retrospective case-control study | Chronic heart disease | 32457 (14.76) | OR 1.31 (1.04-1.65) | The requirement of any one of the following or death: supplementary oxygen, high-flow nasal cannula, non-invasive ventilation, mechanical ventilation, and extracorporeal membrane oxygenation | Drugs commonly used for chronic conditions (angiotensin receptor blockers, angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors, metformin, thiazolidinedione, Statins, NSAIDs), drugs with potential therapeutic effect, drugs with potential therapeutic effect, comorbidities (Charlson comorbidity index, mean (SD), Diabetes, HTN, chronic lung disease, asthma and allergic rhinitis, chronic liver disease, Chronic kidney disease, Malignancy, RA, SLE, GCA, and JIA, other connective tissue disease, chronic neurologic disease, Pancreatitis), healthcare utilization | 8 |
Orioli et al. (2021) [206] | Belgium | 73 | 69±14 | 48 (66.67) | Retrospective study | CVD | 32 (43.8) | HR 3.54 (1.60-7.82) | In-hospital death | Diabetes, cognitive impairment, area of lung injury >50% | 6 |
Gude-Sampedro et al. (2021) [207] | Spain | 10454 | 58.0±20.0 | 4172 (39.9) | Retrospective cohort study | Ischemic heart disease | OR 1.61 (1.20-2.33) | Death | Age, gender, lymphoma/leukemia, dementia, COPD, diabetes, chronic kidney disease | 9 | |
Monteiro et al. (2020) [208] | USA | 112 | 61 (45–74) | 74 (66) | Retrospective, observational cohort study | CAD | 17 (15) | OR 0.48 (0.08–3.08) | Requiring mechanical ventilation | Age, gender, past medical history (obesity, diabetes, HTN, CKD), Tobacco exposure history | 4 |
Lano et al. (2020) [209] | France | 122 | 73.5 (64.2–81.2) | 79 (65) | Observational cohort multicenter study | Congestive heart failure | 13 (11) | OR 1.222 (0.309–4.649) | Mortality | Age, atrial fibrillation, ARBs (current medication) | 8 |
Lanini et al. (2020) [210] | Italy | 379 | 61.67±15.60 | 273 (72.03) | Longitudinal cohort study | CVD | 19 (5.01) | OR 2.79 (1.29-6.03) | Death | Age, gender, diabetes, neoplasm, obesity, chronic renal failure, COPD | 4 |
Schwartz et al. (2020) [212] | Canada | 56606 | 31* | 29205 (51.59) | Cross-sectional study | CVD | 4465 (7.89) | OR 1.10 (0.99–1.22) | Death | Healthcare worker, age, comorbidities (asthma, COPD, renal conditions, diabetes, immune compromise or cancer, obesity, other medical conditions None), exposed to long-term care home, symptoms (fever and/or cough, other symptoms, missing, asymptomatic) | 9 |
Sun et al. (2021) [213] | China | 3400 | 61 (50-68) | 1649 (48.5) | Retrospective cohort study | CVD | 343 (10.1) | OR 2.85 (1.65-4.94) | Death | Comorbid conditions (Neither HTN nor T2DM, Hypertension alone, T2DM alone, HTN and T2DM), age, gender, cerebrovascular disease, chronic kidney disease, chronic liver disease, chronic lung disease, endocrine/Immune system disease, tumor, ACEIs/ARBs treatment | 6 |
McGurnaghan et al. (2021) [214] | Scotland | 319349 | 79.9 (71.4–85.7) | 180486 (56.5) | Cohort study | Any heart disease | 696 (64.3) | OR 2.425 (2.135–2.754) | Fatal or critical care unit-treated COVID-19 | Sociodemographic (age, gender, diabetes type, diabetes duration, care home resident, any hypoglycemia admission in past 5 years, deprivation index, ethnicity, comorbidities (any diabetic ketoacidosis admission in past 5 years, any hypoglycemia admission in past 5 years, ever admitted to hospital in past 5 years, asthma or chronic lower airway disease, neurological and dementia (excluding epilepsy),liver disease, immune disease or on immunosuppressants, any listed condition), other clinical measures (insulin pump use, flash glucose monitor use, HbA1c, BMI, systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure, total cholesterol, Estimated glomerular filtration rate, albuminuria grade, retinopathy grading, tobacco smoking), drug exposures (any lipid lowering, any proton pump inhibitor, any non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, any anticoagulants, Any antihypertensive, number of ATC level 3 drug classes (excluding for diabetes), number of diabetes drug classes prescribed) | 8 |
Cetinkal et al. (2020) [215] | Turkey | 349 | 68.3±13.3 | 176 (50.43) | Retrospective single-center study | Heart failure | 38 (10.89) | OR 2.40 (0.82-7.01) | In-hospital mortality | Neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio, gender, age, diabetes mellitus, Use of RAAS blockers, chronic kidney disease, Smoking, COPD, d-dimer, LDH, procalcitonin, Ferritin | 6 |
Xu et al. (2020) [216] | China | 61 | 63.62±10.78 | 33 (54.1) | Retrospective | Heart diseases | 7 (11.5) | OR 2.94 (0.42-21.78) | Severity | Age, gender, diabetes, HTN, hepatic dysfunction, mild-nonlung involvement | 4 |
Lv et al. (2021) [217] | China | 409 | 50.47±12.43 | 188 (46) | Retrospective cohort Study | Heart disease | 51 (12.5) | HR 2.650 (1.079–6.510) | Death | Age, gender, fever, cough, sputum, tiredness, body aches, diarrhea, number of symptoms, HTN, diabetes, pulmonary disease, other comorbidities, CT ground-glass, opacity, CT bilateral pulmonary infiltration | 5 |
Guerra et al. (2021) [218] | Spain | 447 | 55.0±22.5 | 190 (46.4) | Retrospective single center study | Coronary artery disease | OR 4.95 (1.51-16.27) | Mortality | Gender, HTN, COPD, cancer, diabetes, obesity, CLD, age | 6 |