From: Socioeconomic inequalities in lifestyle risk factors across low- and middle-income countries
Tobacco1 | Overweight2 | Harmful alcohol use3 | Unhealthy household behavior4 | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Rural household | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref |
Urban household | 0.02 [.02–.03] | 0.02 [.02–.03] | 0.03 [.02–.03] | 0.02 [.02–.03] |
Age below 20 yrs (F) | Ref | Ref | Ref | |
20–35 yrs. (F) | 0.17 [.16–.17] | 0.09 [.08–.11] | 0.06 [.04–.08] | |
above 35 yrs. (F) | 0.25 [.25–.26] | 0.11 [.10–.13] | 0.07 [.05–.09] | |
Age below 20 yrs (M) | Ref | Ref | ||
20–35 yrs. (M) | 0.16 [.15–.16] | 0.03 [−.03–.09] | ||
above 35 yrs. (M) | 0.17 [.16–.17] | 0.06 [−.00–.12] | ||
Illiterate (F) | Ref | Ref | Ref | |
Literate (F) | 0.03 [.02–.03] | 0.02 [.02–.03] | 0.02 [.01–.03] | |
Illiterate (M) | Ref | Ref | ||
Literate (M) | 0.00 [−.00–.01] | 0.01 [−.00–.01] | ||
Education: Less then primary (F) | Ref | Ref | Ref | |
Secondary or higher (F) | −0.02 [−.02--.01] | − 0.01 [−.02--.00] | 0.01 | |
Education: Less then primary (M) | Ref | Ref | ||
Secondary or higher (M) | −0.02 [−.03–.01] | − 0.01 [−.02 - -.00] | ||
Occupation: none (F) | Ref | Ref | Ref | |
white-collar (F) | 0.03 [.02–.03] | 0.04 [.03–.05] | − 0.01 [−.02–.00] | |
blue-collar (F) | 0.01 [.01–.02] | 0.09 [.09–.10] | 0.02 [.01–.02] | |
agriculture (F) | −0.03 [−.04--.03] | 0.11 [.10–.11] | 0.02 [.01–.02] | |
Occupation: none (M) | Ref | Ref | ||
white-collar (M) | 0.02 [.01–.02] | − 0.02 [−.04 - -.01] | ||
blue-collar (M) | 0.06 [.05–.06] | −0.00 [−.01–.01] | ||
agriculture (M) | 0.04 [.03–.04] | − 0.02 [−.03 - -.00] | ||
Wealth index: very poor | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref |
poor | −0.00 [−.01–.00] | 0.03 [.02–.03] | − 0.03 [−.04--.06] | 0.00 [−.00–.01] |
middle | − 0.00 [−.0–.00] | 0.06 [.06–.07] | − 0.05 [−.06- -.05] | 0.02 [.01–.02] |
rich | − 0.02 [.03–.02] | 0.11 [.11–.12] | − 0.07 [−.08 - -.07] | 0.02 [.01–.03] |
very rich | − 0.05 [−.06--.05] | 0.17 [.17–.18] | − 0.11 [−.12- -.10] | 0.00 [−.01–.01] |
Household size | − 0.00 [−.00--.00] | − 0.00 [−.00--.00] | − 0.01 [−.01 - -.01] | − 0.01 [.01 - -.01] |
Number of living children (F) | 0.00 [.00–.00] | 0.01 [.01–.01] | 0.01 [.00–.01] | |
Number of living children (M) | 0.00[.00–.00] | 0.00 [−.00–.00] | ||
Armenia | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref |
Albania | −0.17 [−.18--.15] | 0.01 [−.09–.02] | . | . |
Burundi | − 0.32 [−.33--.30] | 0.14 [.13–.16] | 0.10 [.08–.12] | − 0.24 [−.26 - -.21] |
Cambodia | −0.17 [−.18--.15] | 0.02 [.01–.04] | 0.40 [.38–.42] | −0.08 [−.10 - -.06] |
Chad | . | 0.07 [.05–.08] | − 0.16 [−.18 -. -.14] | . |
Congo | −0.25 [−.26--.23] | 0.20 [.18–.21] | −0.02 [.04 - -.00] | − 0.34 [−.37 - -.31] |
Egypt | . | 0.42 [.41–.44] | . | . |
Ethiopia | −0.38 [−.39--.36] | − 0.28 [−.29–.26] | −0.21 [−.23 - -.19] | −0.37 [−.39 - -.35] |
Gambia | −0.23 [−.24--.21] | 0.28 [−.27–.30] | Sample too small | −0.28 [−.31 - -.25] |
India | −0.30 [−.31--.28] | −0.24 [−.26--.23] | −0.07 [−.08 - -.05] | −0.24 [−.26 - -.23] |
Kenya | −0.29 [−.31--.28] | −0.12 [−.13--.10] | −0.08 [−.10 - -.06] | −0.21 [−.22 - -.19] |
Malawi | −0.33 [−.34--.31] | 0.34 [.32–.35] | −0.11 [−.13 - -.09] | −0.22 [−.25 - -.20] |
Nigeria | −0.42 [−.43--.40] | −0.13 [−.14--.11] | −0.26 [−.28 - -.25] | −0.31 [−.33 - -.29] |
Rwanda | −0.37 [.39--.35] | 0.19 [.18–.21] | 0.05 [.03–.08] | −0.22 [.25 - -.20] |
Sierra Leone | −0.19 [−.20–.18] | 0.22 [.21–.24] | −0.28 [−.31 - -.26] | −0.24 [−.26 - -.22] |
South Africa | −0.12 [−.13--.10] | 0.46 [.44–.48] | 0.04 [.02–.06] | −0.07 [−.10 - -.04] |
Tanzania | −0.32 [−.34--.31] | −0.12 [−.13--.10] | −0.14 [−.16 - -.12] | −0.22 [−.25 - -.19] |
Tajikistan | . | −0.06[−.08--.05] | − 0.19 [−.21 - -.17] | . |
Timor-Leste | −0.00 [−.02–.01] | −0.38[−.39--.36] | −0.04 [.06 - -.02] | − 0.26 [−.28 - -.23] |
Togo | − 0.36 [−.38--.35] | 0.22 [.20–.23] | −0.14 [−.16 - -.11] | −0.25 [−.27 - -.22] |
Zambia | −0.25 [−.27--.24] | −0.18 [−.20--.17] | 0.04 [.02–.06] | −0.14 [−.16 - -.12] |
Zimbabwe | −0.26[−.27--.24] | −0.07[−.08--.05] | −0.00 [−.02–.01] | −0.13 [−.15 - -.11] |
N | 245,835 | 443,528 | 172,450 | 90,578 |