Socioeconomic inequalities in lifestyle risk factors across low- and middle-income countries

BMC Public Health

Table 2 Erreygers Indices estimates for lifestyle risk factors and national health care expenditures

Country	Income level	Erreygers Index – lifestyle risk factors				Health care expenditure¹
Country	Income level	Tobacco	Overweight	Harmful alcohol partner/husband	Unhealthy household behaviour	% of GDP	∆ of μ % GDP
Albania	MI	−0.011	0.034	na	na	6.7	0.7
Armenia	MI	− 0.011	0.009	− 0.062	− 0.004	10.4	4.4
Burundi	LI	−0.147	0.073	−0.191	− 0.071	7.5	1.5
Cambodia	MI	−0.206	0.053	−0.049	− 0.254	5.9	− 0.1
Chad	LI	Na	0.061	− 0.141	Na	4.5	−1.5
Congo	MI	−0.145	0.074	−0.088	0.017	2.9	−3.1
Egypt	MI	Na	0.069	na	Na	5.3	−0.7
Ethiopia	LI	−0.045	0.150	0.082	0.033	3.5	−2.5
Gambia	LI	−0.028	0.072	Na	0.029	3.3	−2.7
India	MI	0.049	0.210	−0.139	0.063	3.5	−2.5
Kenya	MI	−0.093	0.127	0.005	0.010	4.8	−1.2
Malawi	LI	−0.012	0.060	−0.045	− 0.021	9.7	3.7
Nigeria	MI	0.072	0.169	0.127	0.090	3.8	−2.2
Rwanda	LI	−0.042	0.094	−0.210	− 0.071	6.6	0.6
Sierra Leona	LI	−0.230	0.058	0.014	0.025	13.4	7.4
South Africa	MI	−0.053	0.157	0.000	−0.038	8.1	2.1
Tajikistan	LI	Na	0.071	−0.024	Na	7.2	1.2
Tanzania	MI	−0.053	0.227	−0.113	−0.016	3.7	−2.3
Timor-Leste	MI	−0.115	0.083	−0.112	0.101	3.9	−2.1
Togo	LI	−0.091	0.144	−0.266	−0.040	6.2	0.2
Zambia	MI	−0.188	0.179	−0.089	−0.096	4.5	−1.5
Zimbabwe	MI	−0.097	0.232	−0.011	−0.062	6.6	0.6
*Average*						6.0

¹ Rounded based on two decimals with ∆ of μ % indicating how a country’s GDP spend on health differs (Δ) from the average over all countries (μ) in percentage points
Italian: significant differences between wealth quintiles p < 0.05

ISSN: 1471-2458