Table 6 Hazard ratios with 95% confidence intervals for associations of ground coffee consumption (including espresso) with incident chronic liver disease, incident chronic liver disease or steatosis, death from CLD and incident hepatocellular carcinoma

 No coffee

1 (ref.)

1 (ref.)

1 (ref.)

1 (ref.)

 0.5 cups/d

0.59 (0.44–0.78)

0.58 (0.43–0.78)

0.60 (0.44–0.82)

0.64 (0.46–0.88)

 1 cup/d

0.69 (0.58–0.82)

0.67 (0.56–0.79)

0.69 (0.58–0.83)

0.74 (0.61–0.90)

 2 cups/d

0.66 (0.55–0.79)

0.61 (0.51–0.74)

0.64 (0.53–0.77)

0.65 (0.53–0.79)

 3 cups/d

0.59 (0.46–0.75)

0.55 (0.42–0.70)

0.55 (0.43–0.72)

0.55 (0.42–0.73)

 4 cups/d

0.59 (0.43–0.83)

0.55 (0.39–0.76)

0.53 (0.37–0.74)

0.52 (0.36–0.75)

  ≥ 5 cups/d

0.69 (0.50–0.95)

0.65 (0.47–0.90)

0.56 (0.40–0.78)

0.61 (0.43–0.87)

 Any amount

0.65 (0.58–0.72)

0.61 (0.55–0.68)

0.62 (0.55–0.70)

0.64 (0.57–0.73)

 Any amount (excluding cases within first 5 years)

0.63 (0.54–0.74)

0.60 (0.51–0.70)

0.62 (0.52–0.74)

0.66 (0.55–0.79)

 No coffee

1 (ref.)

1 (ref.)

1 (ref.)

1 (ref.)

 0.5 cups/d

0.54 (0.42–0.69)

0.53 (0.42–0.68)

0.58 (0.45–0.76)

0.61 (0.46–0.80)

 1 cup/d

0.65 (0.57–0.75)

0.63 (0.55–0.73)

0.73 (0.63–0.85)

0.74 (0.63–0.87)

 2 cups/d

0.62 (0.54–0.72)

0.59 (0.51–0.68)

0.66 (0.56–0.77)

0.65 (0.55–0.77)

 3 cups/d

0.53 (0.42–0.65)

0.49 (0.40–0.61)

0.56 (0.45–0.70)

0.54 (0.43–0.68)

 4 cups/d

0.58 (0.44–0.77)

0.55 (0.42–0.72)

0.55 (0.42–0.73)

0.54 (0.40–0.73)

  ≥ 5 cups/d

0.78 (0.61–0.99)

0.74 (0.58–0.95)

0.69 (0.54–0.89)

0.66 (0.50–0.87)

 Any amount

0.62 (0.56–0.67)

0.59 (0.54–0.64)

0.65 (0.59–0.72)

0.64 (0.58–0.72)

 Any amount (excluding cases within first 5 years)

0.59 (0.52–0.67)

0.57 (0.50–0.65)

0.63 (0.55–0.73)

0.62 (0.53–0.72)

 No coffee

1 (ref.)

1 (ref.)

1 (ref.)

1 (ref.)

 0.5 cups/d

0.51 (0.12–2.12)

0.51 (0.12–2.09)

0.55 (0.13–2.29)

0.67 (0.16–2.81)

 1 cup/d

0.68 (0.31–1.51)

0.64 (0.29–1.42)

0.68 (0.30–1.55)

0.84 (0.37–1.93)

 2 cups/d

0.40 (0.14–1.12)

0.35 (0.13–0.99)

0.28 (0.08–0.90)

0.35 (0.11–1.15)

 3 cups/d

0.38 (0.09–1.55)

0.33 (0.08–1.35)

0.33 (0.08–1.36)

0.41 (0.10–1.72)

 4 cups/d

0.70 (0.17–2.87)

0.59 (0.14–2.45)

0.54 (0.13–2.27)

0.65 (0.15–2.71)

  ≥ 5 cups/d

1.12 (0.35–3.60)

0.99 (0.31–3.20)

0.84 (0.26–2.73)

1.06 (0.32–3.48)

 Any amount

0.57 (0.34–0.97)

0.52 (0.30–0.88)

0.50 (0.28–0.88)

0.62 (0.35–1.11)

 Any amount (excluding cases within first 5 years)

0.49 (0.25–0.99)

0.44 (0.22–0.88)

0.51 (0.24–1.08)

0.60 (0.27–1.30)

 No coffee

1 (ref.)

1 (ref.)

1 (ref.)

1 (ref.)

 0.5 cups/d

0.23 (0.06–0.95)

0.23 (0.06–0.92)

0.21 (0.05–0.86)

0.23 (0.06–0.96)

 1 cup/d

0.26 (0.12–0.60)

0.25 (0.11–0.58)

0.22 (0.10–0.51)

0.27 (0.12–0.63)

 2 cups/d

0.46 (0.24–0.88)

0.41 (0.22–0.80)

0.34 (0.17–0.65)

0.38 (0.19–0.75)

 3 cups/d

0.26 (0.08–0.81)

0.23 (0.07–0.71)

0.17 (0.05–0.55)

0.22 (0.07–0.69)

 4 cups/d

0.63 (0.23–1.71)

0.54 (0.20–1.47)

0.40 (0.15–1.09)

0.50 (0.18–1.36)

  ≥ 5 cups/d

1.35 (0.66–2.78)

1.15 (0.56–2.37)

0.70 (0.32–1.51)

0.85 (0.39–1.85)

 Any amount

0.43 (0.29–0.63)

0.39 (0.26–0.58)

0.31 (0.21–0.47)

0.37 (0.24–0.56)

 Any amount (excluding cases within first 5 years)

0.47 (0.29–0.76)

0.43 (0.26–0.70)

0.36 (0.22–0.61)

0.42 (0.25–0.71)