Table 5 Regression results on the relationships between rural respondents’ perceptions of living-environment crises and neighbourhood characteristics

Neighbourhood population density

− 0.005***

(0.001)

− 0.004***

(0.001)

−0.004*

(0.002)

0.001*

(0.000)

Average annual income of registered community residents

0.068

(0.144)

0.088

(0.148)

0.039

(0.166)

0.071

(0.147)

The presence/absence of sources of pollution (ref: yes)

−0.372**

(0.152)

−0.556**

(0.224)

−0.419*

(0.219)

−1.219***

(0.311)

The presence/absence of parks (ref: no)

0.250

(0.198)

0.088

(0.215)

0.194

(0.216)

0.416*

(0.227)

The presence/absence of healthcare facilities (ref: no)

0.128

(0.330)

0.030

(0.358)

0.470

(0.351)

0.547

(0.361)

The presence/absence of banking facilities (ref: no)

0.316

(0.194)

0.466*

(0.250)

0.201

(0.239)

−0.318

(0.287)

 Subjective well-being

−0.093***

(0.018)

−0.074***

(0.024)

−0.046**

(0.022)

−0.035*

(0.020)

 Quality of life compared to neighbours

−0.048

(0.068)

0.092

(0.074)

−0.015

(0.067)

−0.010

(0.056)

 Subjective social status

−0.085***

(0.028)

−0.052

(0.032)

−0.019

(0.030)

−0.075***

(0.029)

 Personal sense of neighbourhood security

−0.129

(0.082)

−0.376***

(0.121)

−0.250***

(0.088)

−0.326***

(0.068)

 Social trust of neighbours

−0.035

(0.069)

−0.025

(0.104)

−0.102

(0.082)

−0.032

(0.058)

  (log) Annual personal income

0.023

(0.017)

0.014

(0.019)

0.014

(0.021)

0.005

(0.014)

 Level of education

−0.034

(0.032)

0.029

(0.037)

0.089**

(0.037)

0.128***

(0.030)

 Female (ref: male)

−0.244***

(0.089)

0.041

(0.100)

0.065

(0.082)

−0.146**

(0.074)

 Age

−0.005

(0.004)

0.000

(0.004)

0.001

(0.004)

−0.002

(0.004)

 Married

−0.063

(0.140)

−0.384**

(0.174)

−0.249

(0.160)

0.095

(0.149)

 Divorced or widowed

0.016

(0.260)

−0.391

(0.322)

−0.265

(0.290)

0.161

(0.244)

 Business employee

0.339

(0.248)

−0.154

(0.305)

0.434

(0.295)

0.190

(0.217)

 Self-employed and other

− 0.257

(0.243)

−0.222

(0.297)

0.317

(0.291)

0.150

(0.235)

 cut1

−1.218*

(0.675)

−0.344

(0.790)

0.868

(0.676)

−0.622

(0.703)

 cut2

−0.084

(0.694)

2.272***

(0.829)

3.091***

(0.699)

0.613

(0.709)

 cut3

1.343*

(0.696)

4.696***

(0.916)

5.320***

(0.700)

2.425***

(0.725)

 County-level variance

0.564***

(0.213)

0.314

(0.217)

0.668***

(0.228)

0.520

(0.448)

 Neighbourhood-level variance

0.377**

(0.180)

0.981***

(0.261)

0.672***

(0.181)

1.388***

(0.434)

 Number of counties

 Number of neighbourhoods

 Number of individuals

 Log likelihood

 Chi-squared