Skip to main content

Table 4 Simplified country-level use and cost estimates of antenatal care services and delivery by setting

From: Cost estimation alongside a multi-regional, multi-country randomized trial of antenatal ultrasound in five low-and-middle-income countries

 

DRC

Kenya

Zambia

Guatemala

Pakistan

Antenatal care (ANC) visits (N for overall sample)

4819

9177

9369

16,288

7251

 Weighted-mean number of ANC visits overall, per person (#)

3.25

3.60

3.20

4.45

3.90

 Mean per person cost for average number of ANC visits with no ultrasound (using mean # of ANC visits for overall sample) (2015 USD)

15.28

15.87

18.37

14.58

14.53

 Overall number of visits (exams) with ultrasound (sub-sample of patients receiving at least one ultrasound) (n)

2291

3380

4408

7935

2404

 Estimated percent of per person ultrasound visits (% for each)

  1

24.31

50.36

40.86

17.10

35.19

  2

65.26

46.54

55.51

69.32

61.06

  3

9.56

2.84

3.43

12.70

3.45

  > = 4c

0.87

0.27

0.20

0.88

0.29

 Weighted mean for number of ultrasound visits (of those having > = 1) (#)

1.87

1.53

1.63

1.97

1.69

 Weighted-mean cost estimate for weighted-mean number of ANC visits with ultrasound (assumed outpatient) (2015 USD)

24.00

15.81

21.59

8.28

7.25

 Calculated weighted-mean cost of overall ANC visits (average number of overall ANC visits net of estimated ANC visits with ultrasound to avoid double counting) (2015 USD)

30.48

24.93

30.60

16.40

15.49

Delivery location and probability (N for overall sample)a

4818

9170

9367

16,287

7243

Overall sample average (% for each)

 Local village or home setting (%)

19.51

26.52

18.04

42.11

37.48

 Non-hospital clinic setting (%)

66.15

54.61

58.13

0.86

29.30

 Hospital setting (%)

  Hospital delivery with cesarean section (%)

1.12

2.26

1.20

27.78

11.46

  Hospital delivery without cesarean section (%)

13.22

16.61

22.63

29.26

21.76

Cost of delivery by typed (2015 USD)

 Average per person cost of deliveries with cesarean section delivery (2015 USD)

108.50

156.27

99.34

44.46

202.85

 Average per person cost, non-cesarean deliveries (2015 USD)

41.68

55.20

90.32

26.02

75.88

 Calculated weighted-mean cost per mother estimate for deliveries for overall sample (non-Cesarean and Cesarean-Section; includes non-high-risk pregnancies and high-risk pregnancies)b (2015 USD)

22.54

31.43

51.96

22.81

57.98

Higher-risk (complicated pregnancy) sub-sample of overall sample (n)

953

1143

1759

5458

2367

 Estimated proportion of higher-risk pregnancies (% of total sample per country)

19.78

12.46

18.77

33.51

33.00

Delivery location and probability

 Local village or home setting (%)

18.47

21.00

14.10

37.71

35.02

 Non-hospital clinic setting (%)

62.33

52.06

52.25

0.64

25.64

 Hospital setting (%)

     

  Hospital delivery with cesarean section (%)

3.67

7.87

3.47

34.15

14.91

  Hospital delivery without cesarean section (%)

15.53

19.07

30.19

27.50

24.42

Cost of delivery by typed (2015 USD)

 Average per person cost of deliveries with cesarean section delivery (2015 USD)

108.50

156.27

99.34

44.46

202.85

 Average per person cost, non-cesarean deliveries (2015 USD)

41.68

55.20

90.32

26.02

75.88

 Calculated weighted-mean per mother cost estimate for deliveries for high-risk (complicated) pregnancies (non-Cesarean and Cesarean-Section procedures)b (2015 USD)

25.37

40.10

57.49

24.88

65.15

  1. aDelivery location included a small number of missing observations from overall sample
  2. bNon-hospital delivery costs based on facility estimate and proportion of non-cesarean section facility estimate (assumed village-level = 25% of hospital, non-hospital clinic = 50% of facility cost estimate)
  3. All cesarean section deliveries were assumed to be conducted in hospital facility
  4. cPersons with > 4 ANC visits with ultrasound assumed to have four ultrasound visits for cost calculation
  5. Higher-risk pregnancies included multiple gestation, placenta previa, and breech presentation
  6. dCost estimates for delivery type for with and without cesarean section delivery from Table 2 (all costs 2015 USD)
Back to article page

BMC Public Health

ISSN: 1471-2458

Contact us