Parameter | Total (N = 1934) | MetSa (N = 332) | No MetS (N = 1602) | p-value | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
N | % | Mean | S.D. | N | % | Mean | S.D. | N | % | Mean | S.D. | ||
Age (year) |  |  | 13.40 | 1.94 |  |  | 13.05 | 1.88 |  |  | 13.47 | 1.94 | < 0.001 |
Sex (N (%)) | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
 Male | 973 | 50.3 |  |  | 185 | 55.7 |  |  | 788 | 49.2 |  |  | 0.035 |
 Female | 961 | 49.7 |  |  | 147 | 44.3 |  |  | 814 | 50.8 |  |  |  |
Caretaker’s education | |||||||||||||
 Primary school and below | 873 | 45.1 |  |  | 149 | 44.9 |  |  | 724 | 45.2 |  |  | 0.961 |
 Secondary school and diploma | 636 | 32.9 |  |  | 104 | 31.3 |  |  | 532 | 33.2 |  |  | |
 Bachelor degree and above | 189 | 9.8 |  |  | 37 | 11.1 |  |  | 152 | 9.5 |  |  | |
 Other/data not available | 236 | 12.2 |  |  | 42 | 12.7 |  |  | 194 | 12.1 |  |  | |
Family income | |||||||||||||
 Lower income than expense | 413 | 21.4 |  |  | 72 | 21.7 |  |  | 339 | 21.2 |  |  | 0.551 |
 Having debt | 967 | 50.0 |  |  | 166 | 50.0 |  |  | 801 | 50.0 |  |  | 0.997 |
 No saving | 428 | 22.1 |  |  | 89 | 26.8 |  |  | 341 | 21.2 |  |  | 0.072 |
Anthropometric classification | |||||||||||||
 Obesity (BMIZb > 2) | 296 | 15.3 |  |  | 183 | 55.1 |  |  | 113 | 7.1 |  |  | < 0.001 |
 Overweight (2 ≥ BMIZ > 1) | 164 | 8.5 |  |  | 58 | 17.5 |  |  | 106 | 6.6 |  |  | < 0.001 |
 Thinness (BMIZ < −2) | 4 | 0.2 |  |  | 0 | 0 |  |  | 4 | 0.2 |  |  | 1.000 |
 Stunting (HAZc < −2) | 39 | 2.0 |  |  | 3 | 0.9 |  |  | 36 | 2.2 |  |  | 0.134 |
Food intake | |||||||||||||
 Frequent (> 3 times/wk) intake of | |||||||||||||
  - Sweetened milk | 638 | 33 |  |  | 105 | 31.6 |  |  | 533 | 33.3 |  |  | 0.533 |
  - Sugar sweetened beverages | 735 | 38 |  |  | 134 | 40.4 |  |  | 601 | 37.5 |  |  | 0.339 |
  - Dessert with coconut milk | 174 | 9.0 |  |  | 31 | 9.3 |  |  | 143 | 8.9 |  |  | 0.835 |
Fruits and vegetables intake (portion/day) | Â | Â | 2.63 | 1.95 | Â | Â | 2.62 | 2.04 | Â | Â | 2.63 | 1.93 | 0.910 |
Sedentary activity time | |||||||||||||
 - Total screen time (h/wk) |  |  | 33.31 | 19.72 |  |  | 32.11 | 19.35 |  |  | 33.57 | 19.79 | 0.227 |
 - TVd viewing on weekdays (h/d) |  |  | 2.39 | 1.56 |  |  | 2.33 | 1.65 |  |  | 2.41 | 1.55 | 0.402 |
 - TV viewing on weekends (h/d) |  |  | 3.78 | 2.63 |  |  | 3.77 | 2.65 |  |  | 3.80 | 2.62 | 0.847 |
 - Use of computers, smart phones, tablets (h/wk) |  |  | 14.59 | 13.52 |  |  | 14.24 | 13.40 |  |  | 14.66 | 13.54 | 0.626 |
 - Educational screen time (h/wk) |  |  | 2.40 | 2.68 |  |  | 2.17 | 2.52 |  |  | 2.45 | 2.71 | 0.092 |
 Physical activity time (h/wk) |  |  | 8.46 | 7.73 |  |  | 8.42 | 7.03 |  |  | 8.47 | 7.88 | 0.907 |
Screen exposure at age ≤ 2 y | 902 | 46.6 |  |  | 166 | 50 |  |  | 736 | 45.9 |  |  | 0.260 |
Laboratory results | |||||||||||||
 Glucose (mg/dL) |  |  | 89.43 | 12.00 |  |  | 93.47 | 20.81 |  |  | 88.60 | 11.97 | < 0.001 |
 Total cholesterol (mg/dL) |  |  | 169.85 | 35.32 |  |  | 169.90 | 35.71 |  |  | 168.84 | 35.25 | 0.977 |
 HDL-Ce (mg/dL) |  |  | 51.07 | 12.49 |  |  | 40.58 | 8.25 |  |  | 53.24 | 12.11 | < 0.001 |
 LDL-Cf (mg/dL) |  |  | 109.92 | 31.55 |  |  | 116.17 | 33.54 |  |  | 108.63 | 30.98 | < 0.001 |
 Triglyceride (mg/dL) |  |  | 94.84 | 47.58 |  |  | 142.45 | 61.39 |  |  | 84.98 | 37.23 | < 0.001 |