Table 2 Impact of COVID-19 pandemic on health, healthcare access, treatment satisfaction and achievement of care goals
|  | Overall (N = 1734) | Delhi (N = 430) | Chennai (N = 494) | Sonipat (N = 410) | Vizag (N = 400) | p-value* | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Rural (N = 209) | Urban (N = 201) | Rural (N = 192) | Urban (N = 208) | |||||
Experienced acute medical illness during the COVID-19 lockdown | 142 (8.2%) | 25 (5.8%) | 25 (5.1%) | 31 (14.8%) | 11 (5.5%) | 26 (13.5%) | 24 (11.5%) | < 0.001 |
Difficulty in accessing healthcare facility during COVID-19 lockdown | 118 (83.1) | 20 (80) | 16 (64) | 31 (100) | 8 (72.7) | 23 (88.5) | 20 (83.3) | 0.014 |
Experienced difficulties in accessing medicines due to COVID-19 situation | 293 (16.9%) | 27 (6.3%) | 47 (9.5%) | 69 (33.0%) | 15 (7.5%) | 79 (41.1%) | 56 (26.9%) | Â |
 Diabetes mellitus | 134 (18.0%) | 17 (9.4%) | 36 (14.1%) | 11 (31.4%) | 7 (8.0%) | 24 (49.0%) | 39 (28.7%) | 0.24 |
 Hypertension | 198 (20.3%) | 13 (6.4%) | 20 (9.5%) | 53 (34.4%) | 11 (10.6%) | 60 (39.5%) | 41 (26.8%) | < 0.001 |
 Cardiovascular disease | 35 (15.3%) | 1 (2%) | 7 (18%) | 16 (28%) | 0 (0%) | 4 (20%) | 7 (22%) | 0.002 |
 Chronic kidney disease | 7 (16%) | 2 (22%) | 1 (17%) | 3 (25%) | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | 1 (14%) | 0.59 |
 COPD | 2 (11%) | 0 (0%) | 1 (50%) | 1 (50%) | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | 0.22 |
Experienced difficulties in accessing medicines or treatment due to financial reasons | 258 (14.9%) | 16 (3.7%) | 58 (11.7%) | 36 (17.2%) | 10 (5.0%) | 88 (45.8%) | 50 (24.0%) | Â |
 Diabetes mellitus | 124 (16.7%) | 12 (6.7%) | 44 (17.3%) | 7 (20.0%) | 4 (4.5%) | 23 (46.9%) | 34 (25.0%) | 0.75 |
 Hypertension | 162 (16.6%) | 7 (3.5%) | 28 (13.3%) | 21 (13.6%) | 7 (6.7%) | 70 (46.1%) | 29 (19.0%) | 0.004 |
 Cardiovascular disease | 25 (10.9%) | 0 (0%) | 3 (8%) | 9 (16%) | 0 (0%) | 5 (25%) | 8 (25%) | 0.10 |
 Chronic kidney disease | 4 (9%) | 1 (11%) | 0 (0%) | 2 (17%) | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | 1 (14%) | 0.52 |
Chronic obstructive pulmonary lung disease | 2 (11%) | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | 1 (50%) | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | 1 (20%) | Â |
Functioning local health clinic/hospital during lockdown | 1175 (67.8%) | 329 (76.5%) | 337 (68.2%) | 153 (73.2%) | 159 (79.1%) | 91 (47.4%) | 106 (51.0%) | < 0.001 |
Treatment satisfaction during lockdown | 331 (19.1%) | 96 (22.3%) | 181 (36.6%) | 3 (1.4%) | 24 (11.9%) | 11 (5.7%) | 16 (7.7%) | Â |
Generalized anxiety disorder scale | ||||||||
 Minimal anxiety | 1497 (86.3%) | 403 (93.7%) | 451 (91.3%) | 196 (93.8%) | 194 (96.5%) | 115 (59.9%) | 138 (66.3%) | < 0.001 |
 Mild anxiety | 181 (10.4%) | 25 (5.8%) | 38 (7.7%) | 11 (5.3%) | 7 (3.5%) | 60 (31.3%) | 40 (19.2%) |  |
 Moderate anxiety | 34 (2.0%) | 1 (0.2%) | 4 (0.8%) | 1 (0.5%) | 0 (0.0%) | 10 (5.2%) | 18 (8.7%) |  |
 Severe anxiety | 22 (1.3%) | 1 (0.2%) | 1 (0.2%) | 1 (0.5%) | 0 (0.0%) | 7 (3.6%) | 12 (5.8%) |  |
Overall health status score (EQ-VAS), mean (SD) | 76.1 (15.3) (n = 1734) | 77.1 (16.5) | 78.4 (15.7) | 78.4 (15.6) | 72.7 (16.3) | 71.1 (11.1) | 74.0 (11.7) | < 0.001 |
 Mobility (moderate/severe problems) | 360 (20.8%) | 91 (21.2%) | 78 (15.8%) | 60 (28.7%) | 58 (28.9%) | 45 (23.4%) | 28 (13.5%) |  |
 Self-care (moderate/severe problems) | 136 (7.8%) | 23 (5.3%) | 41 (8.3%) | 16 (7.7%) | 29 (14.4%) | 14 (7.3%) | 13 (6.3%) |  |
 Usual care (moderate/severe problems) | 223 (12.9%) | 31 (7.2%) | 59 (11.9%) | 38 (18.2%) | 39 (19.4%) | 29 (15.1%) | 27 (13.0%) |  |
 Pain/discomfort (moderate/severe problems) | 448 (25.8%) | 135 (31.4%) | 70 (14.2%) | 79 (37.8%) | 70 (34.8%) | 56 (29.2%) | 38 (18.3%) |  |
 Anxiety/depression (moderate/severe problems) | 314 (18.1%) | 58 (13.5%) | 83 (16.8%) | 46 (22.0%) | 41 (20.4%) | 51 (26.6%) | 35 (16.8%) |  |
Health consequences in people with diabetes (N) | 743 | 180 | 255 | 35 | 88 | 49 | 136 | Â |
 Fasting blood sugar tested during the lockdown | 414 (55.7%) | 130 (72.2%) | 151 (59.2%) | 13 (37.1%) | 37 (42.0%) | 17 (34.7%) | 66 (48.5%) | < 0.001 |
 HbA1c tested during the lockdown | 35 (4.7%) | 10 (5.6%) | 8 (3.1%) | 0 (0.0%) | 4 (4.5%) | 0 (0.0%) | 13 (9.6%) | < 0.001 |
 Fasting blood sugar, mean (SD) | 166.6 (71.8) | 158.0 (64.5) | 185.9 (83.1) | 287.3 (83.6) | 137.4 (32.1) | 197.1 (63.4) | 139.7 (44.2) | < 0.001 |
 Fasting blood sugar > 160–200 mg/dl | 51 (17.9) | 19 (16.2) | 18 (19.6) | 1 (16.7) | 3 (30) | 3 (42.9) | 7 (13.2) |  |
 Fasting blood sugar > 200 mg/dl | 55 (19.3) | 17 (14.5) | 29 (31.5) | 5 (83.3) | 0 (0) | 2 (28.6) | 2 (3.8) |  |
 Blood sugar controlled (perceived) | 230 (31.0%) | 35 (19.4%) | 87 (34.1%) | 16 (45.7%) | 19 (21.6%) | 27 (55.1%) | 46 (33.8%) | < 0.001 |
 Diabetes symptoms worsened during the lockdown | 97 (13.1%) | 33 (18.3%) | 23 (9.0%) | 8 (22.9%) | 9 (10.2%) | 8 (16.3%) | 16 (11.8%) | < 0.001 |
 Glucose monitoring frequency at home | ||||||||
  Once in month | 83 (11.2%) | 43 (23.9%) | 13 (5.1%) | 2 (5.7%) | 16 (18.2%) | 1 (2.0%) | 8 (5.9%) |  |
  Do not monitor glucose at home | 530 (71.3%) | 70 (38.9%) | 223 (87.5%) | 33 (94.3%) | 62 (70.5%) | 46 (93.9%) | 96 (70.6%) |  |
Health consequences in people with hypertension (N) | 975 | 202 | 210 | 154 | 104 | 152 | 153 | Â |
 Blood pressure measured during the lockdown | 515 (52.8%) | 137 (67.8%) | 127 (60.5%) | 70 (45.5%) | 39 (37.5%) | 53 (34.9%) | 89 (58.2%) | < 0.001 |
 Systolic blood pressure, mean (SD) | 139.0 (20.3) | 142.5 (18.8) | 135.4 (19.4) | 152.2 (29.7) | 140.3 (19.2) | 133.3 (19.5) | 132.2 (14.2) | < 0.001 |
 Diastolic blood pressure, mean (SD) | 86.9 (13.5) | 88.7 (11.1) | 84.6 (11.0) | 91.8 (25.9) | 85.8 (17.0) | 84.8 (11.3) | 84.6 (7.1) | 0.042 |
 SBP ≤140 mmHg | 271 (74.6%) | 79 (69.9%) | 38 (67.9%) | 22 (56.4%) | 27 (75.0%) | 25 (86.2%) | 80 (88.9%) | 0.008 |
 SBP > 140–160 mmHg | 57 (15.7%) | 19 (16.8%) | 12 (21.4%) | 9 (23.1%) | 6 (16.7%) | 3 (10.3%) | 8 (8.9%) |  |
 SBP > 160 mmHg | 35 (9.6%) | 15 (13.3%) | 6 (10.7%) | 8 (20.5%) | 3 (8.3%) | 1 (3.4%) | 2 (2.2%) |  |
 Blood pressure controlled (perceived) | 142 (14.6%) | 18 (8.9%) | 65 (31.0%) | 24 (15.6%) | 5 (4.8%) | 21 (13.8%) | 9 (5.9%) | 0.022 |
 Symptoms of hypertension worsened during the lockdown | 120 (12.3%) | 42 (20.8%) | 6 (2.9%) | 38 (24.7%) | 8 (7.7%) | 13 (8.6%) | 13 (8.5%) | < 0.001 |