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Table 1 Characteristics of study participants by demographic and socio-economic status, clinical history and COVID-19 status

From: Health, psychosocial, and economic impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic on people with chronic conditions in India: a mixed methods study

 

Overall (N = 1734)

Delhi (N = 430)

Chennai (N = 494)

Sonipat (N = 410)

Vizag (N = 400)

p-value*

Rural (N = 209)

Urban (N = 201)

Rural (N = 192)

Urban (N = 208)

Age, years (mean, SD)

57.8 (11.3)

57.8 (11.0)

57.5 (11.6)

56.6 (11.4)

58.5 (10.8)

57.1 (10.2)

59.8 (11.9)

0.055

Male (%)

861 (49.7%)

219 (50.9%)

247 (50.0%)

86 (41.1%)

97 (48.3%)

92 (47.9%)

120 (57.7%)

0.033

Ownership of mobile phone

1366 (78.8%)

398 (92.6%)

382 (77.3%)

118 (56.5%)

123 (61.2%)

152 (79.2%)

193 (92.8%)

< 0.001

Internet use/access

741 (42.7%)

341 (79.3%)

175 (35.4%)

16 (7.7%)

50 (24.9%)

34 (17.7%)

125 (60.1%)

< 0.001

Education

 Below primary school

293 (16.9%)

43 (10.0%)

36 (7.3%)

57 (27.3%)

41 (20.4%)

93 (48.4%)

23 (11.1%)

< 0.001

 Primary school

119 (6.9%)

9 (2.1%)

40 (8.1%)

10 (4.8%)

18 (9.0%)

28 (14.6%)

14 (6.7%)

 

 Secondary school

978 (56.4%)

219 (50.9%)

372 (75.3%)

135 (64.6%)

97 (48.3%)

65 (33.9%)

90 (43.3%)

 

 College degree and above

342 (19.7%)

157 (36.5%)

46 (9.3%)

7 (3.3%)

45 (22.4%)

6 (3.1%)

81 (38.9%)

 

Household income

 < 10,000 INR

540 (31.1%)

51 (11.9%)

235 (47.6%)

96 (45.9%)

32 (15.9%)

115 (59.9%)

11 (5.3%)

< 0.001

 10,000–30,000 INR

732 (42.2%)

169 (39.3%)

238 (48.2%)

77 (36.8%)

97 (48.3%)

64 (33.3%)

87 (41.8%)

 

 > 30,000 INR

431 (24.9%)

208 (48.4%)

21 (4.3%)

29 (13.9%)

52 (25.9%)

12 (6.3%)

109 (52.4%)

 

Occupation

 Not working

1004 (57.9%)

259 (60.2%)

273 (55.3%)

137 (65.6%)

129 (64.2%)

86 (44.8%)

120 (57.7%)

< 0.001

 Semiskilled/Unskilled

262 (15.1%)

26 (6.0%)

127 (25.7%)

30 (14.4%)

23 (11.4%)

37 (19.3%)

19 (9.1%)

 

 Trained/Skilled

456 (26.3%)

139 (32.3%)

91 (18.4%)

42 (20.1%)

49 (24.4%)

69 (35.9%)

66 (31.7%)

 

 White collar

12 (0.7%)

6 (1.4%)

3 (0.6%)

0 (0.0%)

0 (0.0%)

0 (0.0%)

3 (1.4%)

 

BMI (Kg/m2), mean (SD)

26.8 (5.1)

27.8 (5.1)

26.8 (4.9)

26.1 (5)

27.2 (5.4)

23.7 (4.4)

27 (4.3)

< 0.001

Diabetes mellitusa

743 (42.8%)

180 (41.9%)

255 (51.6%)

35 (16.7%)

88 (43.8%)

49 (25.5%)

136 (65.4%)

< 0.001

Hypertensionb

975 (56.2%)

202 (47.0%)

210 (42.5%)

154 (73.7%)

104 (51.7%)

152 (79.2%)

153 (73.6%)

< 0.001

Cardiovascular disease

229 (13.2%)

47 (10.9%)

38 (7.7%)

57 (27.3%)

35 (17.4%)

20 (10.4%)

32 (15.4%)

< 0.001

Chronic kidney disease

43 (2.5%)

9 (2.1%)

6 (1.2%)

12 (5.7%)

2 (1.0%)

7 (3.6%)

7 (3.4%)

0.006

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

18 (1.0%)

4 (0.9%)

2 (0.4%)

2 (1.0%)

1 (0.5%)

4 (2.1%)

5 (2.4%)

0.14

COVID-19 status and related fear/anxiety

 Participant diagnosed or treated for COVID-19

46 (2.7%)

18 (4.2%)

6 (1.2%)

13 (6.2%)

5 (2.5%)

2 (1.0%)

2 (1.0%)

0.003

 Hospitalized for COVID-19

13 (0.7%)

4 (0.9%)

6 (1.2%)

0 (0.0%)

1 (0.5%)

1 (0.5%)

1 (0.5%)

< 0.001

 Number of days hospitalized, median (IQR)

10.0 (8.0, 14.0)

13.0 (8.0, 14.0)

8.5 (8.0, 10.0)

na

10.0 (10.0, 10.0)

14.0 (14.0, 14.0)

14.0 (14.0, 14.0)

0.44

 Immediate family members diagnosed/treated for COVID-19

52 (3.0%)

16 (3.7%)

13 (2.6%)

11 (5.3%)

8 (4.0%)

1 (0.5%)

3 (1.4%)

0.13

 Any confirmed cases of COVID-19 in other households in your locality

1192 (68.7%)

265 (61.6%)

401 (81.2%)

111 (53.1%)

110 (54.7%)

123 (64.1%)

182 (87.5%)

< 0.001

 Experienced fear/anxiety related to COVID-19

1029 (59.3%)

267 (62.1%)

148 (30.0%)

208 (99.5%)

131 (65.2%)

134 (69.8%)

141 (67.8%)

< 0.001

 Experienced stigma related to COVID-19

15 (0.9%)

8 (1.9%)

2 (0.4%)

4 (1.9%)

1 (0.5%)

0 (0.0%)

0 (0.0%)

0.17

Coping with stress during the COVID-19 situation

 Very well

254 (14.6%)

77 (17.9%)

68 (13.8%)

44 (21.1%)

37 (18.4%)

6 (3.1%)

22 (10.6%)

< 0.001

 Moderate

850 (49.0%)

190 (44.2%)

160 (32.4%)

164 (78.5%)

158 (78.6%)

92 (47.9%)

86 (41.3%)

 

 With difficulty

281 (16.2%)

93 (21.6%)

40 (8.1%)

0 (0.0%)

4 (2.0%)

70 (36.5%)

74 (35.6%)

 

 No Stress

349 (20.1%)

70 (16.3%)

226 (45.7%)

1 (0.5%)

2 (1.0%)

24 (12.5%)

26 (12.5%)

 
  1. BMI Body mass Index, IQR interquartile range (p25, p75), INR Indian rupees, SD standard deviation, COVID-19 coronavirus disease 2019
  2. *p value reported for between group difference across study sites
  3. aDiabetes is defined based on fasting plasma glucose (FPG) > =126 mg/dl (7.0 mmol/l) and/or glycated haemoglobin (HbA1c) > = 6.5% (48 mmol/mol) or self-reported or on anti-diabetic medications. bHypertension was defined as being on antihypertensive medications or a systolic blood pressure > =140 mmHg and/or a diastolic blood pressure > =90 mmHg. Cardiovascular disease and chronic kidney disease were self-reported and/or on medications
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