Table 3 Univariate and Multivariable analysis of association of obesity, Central Obesity, and study characteristics
From: Prevalence of overweight and obesity, and associations with socio-demographic factors in Kuwait
Characteristics | Obesity | Central Obesity | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Univariate | Â | Multivariablea | Â | Univariate | Â | Multivariableb | Â | |
OR (95% CI) | p-value | OR (95% CI) | p-value | OR (95% CI) | p-value | OR (95% CI) | p-value | |
Gender | ||||||||
 Male | 1.00 (1.00, 1.00) | . | 1.00 (1.00, 1.00) | . | 1.00 (1.00, 1.00) | . | 1.00 (1.00, 1.00) | . |
 Female | 1.49 (1.24, 1.78) | < 0.001 | 1.54 (1.19, 1.99) | < 0.001 | 5.64 (4.37, 7.27) | < 0.001 | 7.39 (5.21, 10.49) | < 0.001 |
Age group | ||||||||
 18–29 | 1.00 (1.00, 1.00) | . | 1.00 (1.00, 1.00) | . | 1.00 (1.00, 1.00) | . | 1.00 (1.00, 1.00) | . |
 30–39 | 1.42 (0.91, 2.21) | 0.12 | 1.29 (0.75, 2.21) | 0.36 | 2.08 (1.42, 3.06) | < 0.001 | 0.95 (0.48, 1.86) | 0.88 |
 40–49 | 1.93 (1.25, 2.97) | < 0.001 | 1.63 (0.95, 2.82) | 0.08 | 3.57 (2.43, 5.25) | < 0.001 | 1.86 (0.92, 3.75) | 0.08 |
 50–59 | 2.30 (1.46, 3.64) | < 0.001 | 1.49 (0.83, 2.68) | 0.18 | 4.29 (2.85, 6.46) | < 0.001 | 1.92 (0.91, 4.06) | 0.09 |
  ≥ 60 | 2.76 (1.67, 4.56) | < 0.001 | 1.79 (0.90, 3.55) | 0.10 | 7.71 (4.53, 13.15) | < 0.001 | 3.10 (1.24, 7.76) | 0.02 |
Nationality | ||||||||
 Kuwaiti | 1.00 (1.00, 1.00) | . | 1.00 (1.00, 1.00) | . | 1.00 (1.00, 1.00) | . | 1.00 (1.00, 1.00) | . |
 non-Kuwaiti, specify | 0.56 (0.48, 0.66) | < 0.001 | 0.75 (0.54, 1.05) | 0.10 | 0.39 (0.32, 0.47) | < 0.001 | 0.58 (0.38, 0.87) | 0.01 |
Education | ||||||||
 Illiterate | 1.00 (1.00, 1.00) | . | 1.00 (1.00, 1.00) | . | 1.00 (1.00, 1.00) | . | 1.00 (1.00, 1.00) | . |
 Read and write | 0.17 (0.07, 0.42) | < 0.001 | 0.71 (0.27, 1.84) | 0.48 | 0.15 (0.04, 0.53) | < 0.001 | 0.39 (0.06, 2.54) | 0.33 |
 Secondary School | 0.15 (0.06, 0.38) | < 0.001 | 0.72 (0.28, 1.85) | 0.50 | 0.14 (0.04, 0.50) | < 0.001 | 0.38 (0.06, 2.39) | 0.30 |
 University | 0.14 (0.06, 0.34) | < 0.001 | 0.55 (0.22, 1.39) | 0.21 | 0.13 (0.04, 0.45) | < 0.001 | 0.27 (0.04, 1.72) | 0.16 |
 High studies | 0.11 (0.04, 0.29) | < 0.001 | 0.59 (0.22, 1.61) | 0.30 | 0.09 (0.03, 0.33) | < 0.001 | 0.34 (0.05, 2.29) | 0.27 |
Occupation | ||||||||
 Employed | 1.00 (1.00, 1.00) | . | 1.00 (1.00, 1.00) | . | 1.00 (1.00, 1.00) | . | 1.00 (1.00, 1.00) | . |
 Student, not employed | 0.94 (0.29, 3.10) | 0.92 | 0.30 (0.08, 1.13) | 0.07 | 0.60 (0.15, 2.30) | 0.45 | 0.15 (0.03, 0.71) | 0.02 |
 Housewife, not employed | 2.42 (1.82, 3.23) | < 0.001 | 2.15 (1.42, 3.24) | < 0.001 | 12.19 (8.03, 18.51) | < 0.001 | 3.33 (1.51, 7.32) | < 0.001 |
 Retired | 2.08 (1.67, 2.58) | < 0.001 | 1.07 (0.77, 1.49) | 0.70 | 3.80 (2.72, 5.30) | < 0.001 | 1.25 (0.72, 2.16) | 0.44 |
 Unemployed | 3.86 (1.85, 8.05) | < 0.001 | 1.00 (0.38, 2.66) | 1.00 | 3.62 (1.32, 9.92) | 0.01 | 0.69 (0.21, 2.23) | 0.54 |
Marital status | ||||||||
 Never married | 1.00 (1.00, 1.00) | . | 1.00 (1.00, 1.00) | . | 1.00 (1.00, 1.00) | . | 1.00 (1.00, 1.00) | . |
 currently married | 2.79 (1.90, 4.10) | < 0.001 | 2.24 (1.35, 3.70) | < 0.001 | 4.11 (2.95, 5.72) | < 0.001 | 2.78 (1.68, 4.60) | < 0.001 |
 Divorced | 2.85 (1.64, 4.94) | < 0.001 | 1.82 (0.86, 3.86) | 0.12 | 9.18 (4.93, 17.10) | < 0.001 | 2.59 (1.05, 6.42) | 0.04 |
 Widowed | 4.02 (2.08, 7.77) | < 0.001 | 1.51 (0.56, 4.08) | 0.42 | 17.92 (6.17, 52.01) | < 0.001 | 3.97 (0.59, 26.96) | 0.16 |
Average Income | ||||||||
  ≤ 500 | 1.00 (1.00, 1.00) | . | 1.00 (1.00, 1.00) | . | 1.00 (1.00, 1.00) | . | 1.00 (1.00, 1.00) | . |
  > 500–1500 | 1.84 (1.44, 2.36) | < 0.001 | 1.78 (1.29, 2.45) | < 0.001 | 1.98 (1.51, 2.59) | < 0.001 | 1.75 (1.23, 2.50) | < 0.001 |
  > 1500 | 2.46 (1.95, 3.09) | < 0.001 | 2.17 (1.41, 3.33) | < 0.001 | 3.32 (2.59, 4.25) | < 0.001 | 2.25 (1.40, 3.61) | < 0.001 |
Current smoker | ||||||||
 No | 1.00 (1.00, 1.00) | . | 1.00 (1.00, 1.00) | . | 1.00 (1.00, 1.00) | . | 1.00 (1.00, 1.00) | . |
 Yes | 0.85 (0.69, 1.05) | 0.13 | 2.54 (1.02, 6.36) | 0.05 | 0.70 (0.56, 0.88) | < 0.001 | 4.61 (1.70, 12.49) | < 0.001 |
Past smoker | ||||||||
 No | 1.00 (1.00, 1.00) | . | 1.00 (1.00, 1.00) | . | 1.00 (1.00, 1.00) | . | 1.00 (1.00, 1.00) | . |
 Yes | 1.21 (0.89, 1.64) | 0.22 | 1.45 (1.02, 2.04) | 0.04 | 0.80 (0.58, 1.12) | 0.20 | 1.43 (0.96, 2.13) | 0.07 |
Vigorous-intensity physical activity | ||||||||
 No | 1.00 (1.00, 1.00) | . | – | – | 1.00 (1.00, 1.00) | . | – | – |
 Yes | 0.68 (0.32, 1.45) | 0.32 | – | – | 0.76 (0.42, 1.36) | 0.35 | – | – |
Moderate-intensity physical activity | ||||||||
 No | 1.00 (1.00, 1.00) | . | – | – | 1.00 (1.00, 1.00) | . | 1.00 (1.00, 1.00) | . |
 Yes | 0.99 (0.68, 1.43) | 0.96 | – | – | 0.64 (0.43, 0.94) | 0.02 | 0.79 (0.45, 1.38) | 0.40 |
Elevated blood pressure (ACC/AHA) | ||||||||
 No | 1.00 (1.00, 1.00) | . | – | – | 1.00 (1.00, 1.00) | . | – | – |
Yes | 1.29 (1.07, 1.57) | 0.01 | – | – | 1.16 (0.94, 1.44) | 0.18 | – | – |
Elevated blood pressure (WHO) | ||||||||
 No | 1.00 (1.00, 1.00) | . | 1.00 (1.00, 1.00) | . | 1.00 (1.00, 1.00) | . | 1.00 (1.00, 1.00) | . |
 Yes | 1.49 (1.12, 1.97) | 0.01 | 2.34 (1.59, 3.44) | < 0.001 | 1.26 (0.91, 1.76) | 0.17 | 2.13 (1.27, 3.59) | < 0.001 |