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Table 4 Change in frailty status and medical utilization via the multivariate logistic regression models

From: Frailty status changes are associated with healthcare utilization and subsequent mortality in the elderly population

Independent variables

Risk of total outpatient visits

Risk of outpatient visits for non-rehabilitation

Risk of hospitalization admission

Risk of emergency room utilization

OR

95% CI

OR

95% CI

OR

95% CI

OR

95% CI

Change of frailty status

 Deterioration

2.01

0.97

4.18

2.05

0.99

4.26

0.75

0.06

9.16

–

–

–

 Unchanged pre-frail or frail

1.94

1.02

3.71

1.99

1.04

3.79

2.05

0.28

15.11

1.41

0.11

17.39

 Unchanged robustness

1.00

Reference group

1.00

Reference group

–

–

–

1.00

Reference group

 Improvement

1.13

0.65

1.98

1.16

0.67

2.02

1.00

Reference group

1.13

0.10

12.64

Age (years)

  ≤ 70

1.00

Reference group

1.00

Reference group

1.00

Reference group

1.00

Reference group

 71–75

1.76

1.05

2.96

1.80

1.07

3.02

2.38

0.20

28.91

2.49

0.38

16.24

  > 75

2.48

1.46

4.22

2.50

1.47

4.25

1.95

0.17

22.80

–

–

–

Gender

 Women vs men

1.56

0.92

2.63

1.53

0.91

2.58

16.00

0.88

290.53

0.35

0.03

4.65

Education

 Illiterate

1.00

Reference group

1.00

Reference group

1.00

Reference group

–

–

–

  ≤ 6 years

1.66

0.71

3.91

1.57

0.67

3.69

0.79

0.06

11.18

1.00

Reference group-

 7–12 years

1.06

0.48

2.36

1.06

0.48

2.36

0.51

0.03

10.09

0.65

0.04

10.00

  ≥ 13 years

1.19

0.51

2.80

1.19

0.51

2.80

2.17

0.15

31.39

0.65

0.04

10.26

Regular exercise

1.49

0.86

2.58

1.48

0.86

2.56

3.50

0.34

36.21

–

–

–

Smoking

 No

1.00

Reference group

1.00

Reference group

1.00

Reference group

1.00

Reference group

 Yes

0.59

0.27

1.28

0.59

0.27

1.28

19.03

0.63

571.75

–

–

–

 Former

1.42

0.69

2.92

1.42

0.69

2.91

4.93

0.31

78.00

4.41

0.48

40.66

Drinking

 No

1.00

Reference group

1.00

Reference group

1.00

Reference group

1.00

Reference group

 Yes

0.60

0.34

1.07

0.61

0.34

1.08

1.69

0.11

26.85

0.77

0.06

9.39

 Former

0.84

0.35

2.00

0.84

0.36

2.01

–

–

–

0.88

0.06

14.18

Cognitive impairment

 Yes vs No

0.57

0.22

1.49

0.58

0.22

1.52

–

–

–

–

–

–

Psudo-R2

 

10.7%

  

10.6%

  

26.6%

  

25.9%

 
  1. Numbers in bold indicate statistically significant values. OR: odds ratio; 95% CI: 95% confidence interval
  2. -: Not available due to no utilization event
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BMC Public Health

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