Socioeconomic, demographic and healthcare determinants of the COVID-19 pandemic: an ecological study of Spain

BMC Public Health

Table 3 Backward multiple linear regression models. Dependent variable: log mortality rate

	Coefficients and variance inflation factors (VIFs)
Explanatory variables	Model 1	VIF	Model 2	VIF	Model 3	VIF	Model 4	VIF
Constant	−39.718**		−39.699***		−41,170***		− 38,270***
Log Public Health Expenditure	2.51	8.65	2.50	8.38	2.381	8.23	1.774*	4.27
Nursing homes beds	0.464**	4.00	0.458***	3.99	0.454***	3.70	0.430***	1.85
% Nursing homes >100b	0.017	4.10	0.016*	4.09	0.015*	3.66	0.011*	2.18
Urban population	−0.009	3.06	− 0.009	2.97	− 0.009*	2.97	− 0.010*	2.96
Doctors	−0.005**	2.85	−0.005***	2.71	−0.005***	2.40	− 0.005***	2.32
Hospital Beds	−0.004	3.75	−0.004*	3.21	−0.004*	2.70	−0.004**	2.69
Aeroplane passengers	0.0003**	7.79	0.0003**	7.40	0.0002***	5.43	0.0002***	3.95
Island region	−0.746**	2.16	−0.749***	1.79	−0.78***	1.66	−0.819***	1.46
Log GDP per capita	2.848***	5.42	2.848***	5.42.	3.00***	4.49	3.215***	2.37
PM2.5 concentration	0.033	4.09	0.033	3.98	0.029	3.90
Gini Index	− 263.49	4.87	−263.41	4.87
% >65y population	−0.021	2.43
*Adjusted R*²	0.95		0.96		0.964		0.967
*p-value*	0.003		0.000		0.000		0.000
*Shapiro-Wilk test (p-value)*							0.45
*Durbin-Watson test*							2.16

GDP Gross Domestic Product, PM2.5 Particulate Matter below 2.5 μm, VIF Variance Inflation Factor
*Significant at p < .1 level, **Significant at p < 0.05 level, and *** Significant at p < 0.01 level

ISSN: 1471-2458