Skip to main content

Table 4 Characteristics of 62 control group across tertiles of sex-specific energy-adjusted CQI

From: Relationship between dietary carbohydrate quality index and metabolic syndrome among type 2 diabetes mellitus subjects: a case-control study from Ghana

  

CQI Tertiles (Ts)

  

Range

T1 (7.0–12.0)

T2 (13.0–15.0)

T3 (16.0–20)

P for Trend

Number of participants

22

22

18

 

CQI, median (g/d)

12.0

15.0

17.0

 

Age (years), median [IQR]

45.0[20.8]

44.0[14.0]

49.0[19.0]

0.9

Sex

 Male

12(38.7)

9(29.0)

10(32.3)

0.4

 Female

10(32.3)

13(41.9%)

8(25.8)

 

Education

 Non-tertiary

13(31.0)

14(33.3)

15(35.7)

0.9

 Tertiary

9(45.0)

8(40.0)

3(15.0)

 

Occupation

 Farming and trading

14(33.3)

12(28.6)

16(38.1)

0.5

 Salary worker

8(40.0)

10(50.0)

2(10.0)

 

 Duration of T2DM (years)

5.0[6.0]

4.5[3.5]

4.5[8.0]

0.3

 Household size

6.0[3.3]

6.0[3.0]

5.5[4.3]

0.3

 Asset score¥

22.0[5.3]

21.5[5.0]

21.5[6.5]

0.8

 Physical activity (MET-minutes/week)

2439.0[4377.7]

2799.0[6255.0]

2113.5[4404.3]

0.8

 Energy intake (kcal/d)

1465.8 ± 520.1

1467.9 ± 447.8

1518.15 ± 406.0

0.2

 Fat intake (g/d)

12.3[5.2]

14.7[6.5]

16.96[6.07]

0.01

 Protein intake (g/d)

38.4[12.1]

38.4[19.1]

46.06[20.03]

0.7

 CHO intake (g/d)

291.3 ± 123.5

289.8 ± 94.1

293.7 ± 92.5

0.3

 Fiber intake (g/d)

17.0[5.4]

21.3[6.5]

26.86[8.80]

< 0.001

 RSCTC intake

0.85[0.21]

0.89[0.21]

0.90[0.11]

< 0.001

 WGTGR intake

0.27[0.31]

0.55[0.37]

0.77[0.34]

< 0.001

 Glycemic index

67.3[2.0]

66.6[2.5]

64.5[2.7]

0.001

 Glycemic load

220.9[19.7]

212.0[17.3]

201.08[26.5]

0.04

 Weight (Kg)

70.8 ± 14.8

67.7 ± 12.0

71.1 ± 12.4

0.1

 Height (cm)

161.9[14.0]

165.7[14.1]

159.2[13.9]

0.2

 BMI (kgm−2)

25.1[8.2]

24.7[7.5]

28.2[4.9]

0.7

 Waist circumference (cm)

89.8[18.3]

78.3[14.3]

85.1[15.5]

0.2

 Systolic blood Pressure mmHg

123.5[4.5]

120.0[7.7]

122.0[7.8]

0.9

 Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg)

76.0[13.2]

77.0[6.7]

72.5[12.8]

0.7

 Triglycerides (mmol/l)

1.60 ± 0.35

1.39 ± 0.43

1.48 ± 0.33

0.2

 HDL-C (mmol/l)

1.16[0.29]

1.07[0.29]

1.14[0.23]

0.8

 LDL-C (mmol/l)

3.20[1.31]

3.51[1.55]

3.12[1.56]

0.2

 Total cholesterol (mmol/l)

5.17[1.22]

5.27[1.65]

4.97[3.76]

0.3

 Ω Fasting blood sugar (mmol/l)

8.53 ± 2.70

8.70 ± 2.44

7.71 ± 2.27

0.5

 LDL/HDL ratio

2.83[1.22]

3.38[1.14]

3.07[1.04]

0.4

  1. Data expressed as number (%) or mean ± standard deviation and median [interquartile range]; Ω Retrieved from patients’ folders.¥An ad hoc summary value was calculated from a list of household assets and room makeup. A score of 1 point was given for an item owned or room makeup includes local materials such as thatch or cow dung. As for the main source of cooking energy, drinking water and toilet facility, 1 point was given for unimproved source and 2 points awarded for improved sources. The total score range was from 37 to 74 with higher scores suggesting enhanced economic status. Kcal/d kilocalories per day, g/d gram per day, CHO Carbohydrate, WGTGR ratio of CHO consumed from whole grains to CHO consumed from total grains, RSCTC ratio of CHO consumed from solid food items to total CHO consumed, CQI Carbohydrate quality index, HDL-C High density lipoprotein cholesterol, LDL-C Low density lipoprotein cholesterol, P for trend test was performed using linear regression models where categorical covariates were entered as continuous variables using their dummies. Also, the CQI tertile classes were replaced by their respective medians
Back to article page

BMC Public Health

ISSN: 1471-2458

Contact us