Hazardous alcohol use is associated with greater pain interference and prescription opioid misuse among persons living with HIV and chronic pain

Table 2 Associations between alcohol use and pain interference, pain severity and having a Current Opioid Misuse Measure (COMM) score ≥ 13: results from unadjusted and adjusted mixed effects and GEE regression models ^a

	Primary Outcome: Pain Interference^b		Secondary Outcome: Pain Severity^b		Secondary Outcome: COMM ≥ 13
	Mean difference (95% CI)	p-value	Mean difference (95% CI)	p-value	OR (95% CI)	p-value
Hazardous alcohol use
Unadjusted	1.43 (0.50, 2.36)	0.0029	0.74 (−0.07, 1.54)	0.07	4.22 (2.11, 8.44)	< 0.0001
Adjusted ^c	1.02 (0.08, 1.96)	0.03	0.47 (−0.35, 1.29)	0.26	3.73 (1.88, 7.39)	0.0002
Any alcohol use
Unadjusted	0.23 (− 0.48, 0.95)	0.52	− 0.21 (− 0.82, 0.39)	0.49	1.14 (0.65, 1.99)	0.65
Adjusted ^c	0.20 (−0.56, 0.97)	0.61	−0.30 (− 0.96, 0.37)	0.38	0.99 (0.49, 1.99)	0.98

Footnotes:
^a 319 total observations were included in the models. Each of the 166 participants in this study could contribute a maximum of 2 observations (i.e. a baseline and follow-up observation). Due to missed follow-up visits for 13 participants, the total number of observations in the analyses was 319 rather than 332
^b Scale range 0–10
^cAdjusted for age, gender, depression, other substance use, study visit, and study arm

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