Table 1 Protective and risk factors for psychological distress in the research data according to previous literature
Protective factors | Conceptualisation in the survey questionnaire | Reference |
Sociodemographic | Being married Having children under 18 years of age | Ben-Zur 2018 [46] Scott et al. 2010 [47] Helbig et al. 2006 [56] McKenzie et al. 2012 [57] |
Social support | Being active in societies, hobby groups, etc. Having other people to give practical help Having other people to give emotional support | Kendler et al. 2005 [33] Amagasa et al. 2017 [38] Takeda et al. 2015 [39] Perrewe et al. 2002 [35] Belle 1988 [36] |
Work-family enrichment | Being able to forget the work at home Having more energy to be with children when also going to work | Greenhaus et al. 2006 [15] Xu et al. 2018 [18] |
Risk factors | Conceptualisation in the survey questionnaire | Â |
Sociodemographic | Being divorced Being widowed Living alone | Ben-Zur 2018 [46] Scott et al. 2010 [47] Kaprio et al. 1987 [48] Pulkki-RÃ¥back et al. 2012 [49] Joutsenniemi et al. 2005 [50] |
Lack of social support | Loneliness | Beutel et al. 2017 [41] Hyland et al. 2019 [42] |
Financial difficulties | Having difficulties in covering household costs | Nagasu et al. 2019 [66] Holden et al. 2016 [67] |
Informal caregiving | Helping parents outside the home Helping children outside the home Helping other people outside the home | Lacey et al. 2018 [72] |
Job related factors | Low job satisfaction High physical strain of work | Faragher et al. 2003 [27] Hiesinger et al. 2019 [32] |
Work-to-family conflict | Feeling of neglecting domestic issues because of the work Ignoring family when wholly absorbed in the work Feeling inadequacy as a parent | Remery et al. 2019 [20] |
Family-to-work conflict | Finding it difficult to concentrate of work because of domestic issues | Marchand et al. 2016 [13] Byron 2005 [17] Lunau et al. 2014 [23] Eby et al. 2005 [24] |
Harmful lifestyle factors | Alcohol Smoking | Ranjit et al. 2019 [59] Grant et al. 2004 [60] Li et al. 2019 [61] Berg et al. 2019 [62] |