Table 3 Factors associated with experiencing violence and discrimination among Ugandans during the COVID-19 lockdown, April 2020
From: Violence and discrimination among Ugandan residents during the COVID-19 lockdown
Variable | Experienced violence or discrimination n = 145 (%) | Not experienced violence or discrimination n = 1581 (%) (ref) | Crude OR (95% CI) | Adjusted OR (95% CI) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
Days physically attended at work in the past week | ||||
 0–3 days | 101 (69.4) | 1249 (79.0) | 1.00(ref) | 1.00(ref) |
  > 3 days | 44 (30.3) | 332 (21.0) | 1.64 (1.13–2.3) | 1.52 (1.03–2.23) |
Age Group | ||||
  ≤ 17 years | 2 (1.4) | 10 (0.6) | 1.00(ref) |  |
 18–28 years | 45 (31.0) | 400 (25.3) | 0.62 (0.13–2.9) |  |
 29–39 years | 66 (45.5) | 640 (40.5) | 0.57 (0.12–2.61) |  |
 40–49 years | 20 (13.8) | 327 (20.7) | 0.34 (0.07–1.62) |  |
 50+ years | 12 (8.3) | 203 (12.8) | 0.33 (0.65–1.64) |  |
Sex | ||||
 Male | 103 (71.0) | 912 (57.7) | 1.80 (1.24–2.61) | 1.60 (1.10–2.33) |
 Female | 42 (29.0) | 669 (42.3) | 1.00(ref) | 1.00(ref) |
Maximum Education | ||||
 Primary & None | 2 (1.4) | 1 (0.1) | 1.00(ref) |  |
 Secondary | 7 (4.8) | 56 (3.5) | 1.00 |  |
 Tertiary (certificate, diploma, degree) | 86 (59.3) | 777 (49.2) | 1.87 (0.81–4.31) |  |
 University (masters & Ph.D.) | 50 (34.5) | 747 (47.3) | 1.65 (1.15–2.38) |  |
Marital status | ||||
 Single | 58 (40.0) | 618 (39.1) | 1.00(ref) |  |
 Legally married | 60 (41.4) | 694 (43.9) | 1.64 (0.55–4.86) |  |
 Cohabitation | 21 (14.3) | 226 (14.5) | 1.25 (0.28–5.56) |  |
 Divorced & Widowed | 6 (4.2) | 43 (2.7) | 0.99 (0.59–5.66) |  |
Currently lives with | ||||
 Parent (s) | 27 (18.6) | 280 (17.7) | 1.10 (0.6–1.75) |  |
 Spouse/partner | 65 (44.8) | 776 (49.1) | 0.91 (0.59–1.40) |  |
 Child (ren) | 58 (40.0) | 676 (42.8) | 0.96 (0.64–1.46) |  |
 Sibling (s) or other relative (s) | 36 (24.8) | 411 (26.0) | 0.98 (0.65–1.47) |  |
 Friends | 15 (10.3) | 100 (6.3) | 1.68 (0.94–3.03) |  |
 Alone | 122 (84.1) | 1357 (85.8) | 1.00(ref) |  |
Lives with housemates in age-groups | ||||
 Over 70 years | 32 (22.0) | 147 (9.0) | 1.33 (1.13–1.58) |  |
 Between 18 and 70 years | 126 (87.0) | 1369 (86.0) | 1.00(ref) |  |
 12 to 17 years | 67 (46.0) | 698 (44.0) | 1.04 (0.92–1.18) |  |
 Under 12 years | 108 (75) | 962 (61.0) | 1.22 (1.08–1.37) |  |
Lives in | ||||
 Rural/village | 27 (18.6) | 162 (10.3) | 1.00(ref) |  |
 Within Kampala city center | 13 (8.9) | 173 (10.9) | 0.60 (0.35–1.06) |  |
 Kampala suburb | 30 (20.7) | 658 (41.6) | 0.27 (0.16–0.47) |  |
 Other town/city center | 44 (30.3) | 285 (18.0) | 0.45 (0.22–0.90) |  |
 Other suburb | 31 (21.4) | 303 (19.2) | 0.92 (0.55–1.55) |  |
Housing conditions | ||||
 House or apartment with garden | 44 (30.3) | 653 (41.3) | 7.40 (0.66–83.4) |  |
 House or apartment No garden | 37 (25.5) | 436 (27.6) | 1.87 (1.15–3.07) |  |
 Apartment with balcony | 8 (5.5) | 158 (10.0) | 3.40 (1.92–6.06) |  |
 Apartment No balcony | 29 (20.0) | 228 (14.5) | 0.75 (0.35–1.63) |  |
 A Room | 21 (13.8) | 87 (5.5) | 1.30 (0.80–1.98) |  |
 Hut, Shack & Homeless | 7 (4.9) | 16 (1.0) | 1.00(ref) |  |
What they do for a living | ||||
 Student | 23 (15.9) | 183 (11.8) | 1.12 (0.54–2.34) |  |
 Jobless | 11 (7.2) | 113 (7.6) | 1.00(ref) |  |
 Self-employed | 28 (19.3) | 256 (16.2) | 1.30 (0.59–2.70) |  |
 Work for a person, institution, or company | 52 (35.9) | 679 (43.0) | 0.80 (0.4–1.55) |  |
 Work for the government | 31 (21.4) | 347 (21.9) | 0.92 (0.45–1.89) |  |
Current working conditions | ||||
 Worker from home | 32 (22.1) | 631 (39.9) | 0.43 (0.27–0.68) |  |
 Worker in an open space (market, shop, roadside, etc.) | 23 (15.9) | 95 (6.0) | 0.72 (0.39–1.31) |  |
 Worker in a closed indoor space alone (office, etc.) | 15 (10.3) | 177 (11.2) | 0.83 (0.51–1.37) |  |
 Worker in a closed indoor space with several others (office, etc.) | 27 (18.6) | 273 (17.3) | 2.04 (1.18–3.52) |  |
 Not applicable (jobless or student) | 48 (33.1) | 405 (25.6) | 1.00(ref) |  |
Wealth Index | ||||
 1st Quintile (poorest) | 50 (34.5) | 302 (19.1) | 1.00(ref) |  |
 2nd Quintile | 31 (21.4) | 308 (19.5) | 0.61 (0.38–0.98) |  |
 3rd Quintile | 33 (22.8) | 335 (21.2) | 0.59 (0.37–0.95) |  |
 4th Quintile | 22 (29.0) | 459 (29.0) | 0.29 (0.17–0.45) |  |
 5th Quintile (richest) | 9 (6.2) | 177 (11.2) | 0.31 (0.15–0.64) |  |
Satisfied with staying at home (on a scale of 5) | ||||
 Not Satisfied (1) | 23 (15.9) | 111 (7.0) | 1.00(ref) |  |
 2 | 23 (15.9) | 110 (6.9) | 1.10 (0.53–1.90) |  |
 3 | 35 (24.1) | 313 (19.8) | 0.54 (0.31–0.95) |  |
 4 | 28 (19.3) | 375 (23.7) | 0.36 (0.20–0.65) |  |
 Very Satisfied (5) | 36 (24.8) | 672 (42.5) | 0.26 (0.15–0.45) |  |
Has difficulty obtaining food | ||||
 Yes | 100 (69.0) | 634 (40.1) | 3.32 (2.30–4.80) |  |
 No | 45 (31.0) | 947 (59.9) | 1.00(ref) |  |
Overall failure to access food and/or essential health services | ||||
 Yes (were not able to access food and/or essential health services) | 102 (70.3) | 677 (42.8) | 3.20 (2.20–4.60) | 3.10 (2.14–4.50) |
 No | 43 (29.7) | 90.4 (57.2) | 1.00(ref) | 1.00(ref) |