Table 1 Sociodemographic characteristics and hypertension among ALHIV 25 years and older by survey year for 2005, 2008 and 2017 in South Africa

Overall

126 (11.8%)

820 (88.2%)

107 (9.5%)

859 (90.5%)

372 (14.3%)

1955 (85.7%)

 Female

97 (13.9%)

542 (86.1%)

0.057

93 (12.8%)

578 (87.2%)

< 0.001

289 (16.6%)

1365 (83.4%)

< 0.001

 Male

29 (8.2%)

278 (91.8%)

14 (3.0%)

281 (97.0%)

83 (10.1%)

590 (89.9%)

 Median (IQR)

37 (33–47)

34 (29–39)

44 (34–50)

34 (29–39)

48 (38–55)

36 (31–44)

 25–34 years

30 (8.6%)

396 (91.4%)

0.009

21 (4.9%)

396 (95.1%)

< 0.001

48 (5.8%)

761 (94.3%)

< 0.001

 35–44 years

37 (12.0%)

288 (88.0%)

31 (7.9%)

296 (92.1%)

84 (9.8%)

647 (90.2%)

 45+ years

59 (21.3%)

136 (78.7%)

55 (26.1%)

167 (73.7%)

240 (30.6%)

547 (69.4%)

 Non-Black African

15 (10.4%)

65 (89.6%)

0.757

4 (13.9%)

54 (86.1%)

0.476

41 (20.3%)

153 (79.7%)

0.087

 Black African

111 (11.8%)

754 (88.2%)

103 (9.4%)

805 (90.6%)

331 (14.1%)

1802 (85.9%)

 Never married

41 (9.5%)

437 (90.5%)

0.121

54 (8.5%)

524 (91.6%)

0.154

192 (11.9%)

1288 (88.1%)

< 0.001

 Ever married

84 (14.3%)

380 (85.7%)

53 (11.7%)

332 (88.3%)

180 (18.9%)

667 (81.1%)

 None or Primary

68 (15.1%)

315 (84.9%)

0.147

56 (13.4%)

274 (86.6%)

0.072

101 (18.9%)

441 (81.1%)

0.002

 Secondary and above

58 (9.74%)

503 (90.3%)

50 (8.0%)

580 (92.0%)

199 (12.3%)

1253 (87.7%)

 Unemployed

59 (9.9%)

462 (90.1%)

0.108

54 (9.9%)

423 (90.1%)

0.314

249 (15.4%)

1199 (84.6%)

< 0.001

 Employed

40 (13.0%)

291 (87.0%)

34 (7.9%)

345 (92.1%)

99 (11.0%)

718 (89.0%)

 Other

26 (20.3%)

64 (79.7%)

19 (13.4%)

90 (86.6%)

23 (33.7%)

37 (66.3%)

 Urban formal

57 (12.7%)

326 (87.3%)

0.491

47 (12.4%)

323 (87.6%)

0.072

236 (15.9%)

1027 (84.1%)

0.008

 Urban informal

34 (14.2%)

180 (85.8%)

30 (10.3%)

208 (89.7%)

 Tribal area/Rural informal

28 (10.7%)

239 (89.3%)

25 (6.1%)

238 (93.9%)

99 (11.6%)

636 (88.4%)

 Rural formal

7 (6.2%)

75 (93.8%)

5 (5.9%)

90 (94.1%)

37 (10.1%)

292 (89.9%)

 No risk

88 (13.2%)

558 (86.8%)

0.085

73 (9.7%)

574 (90.3%)

261 (14.1%)

1359 (85.9%)

 Low risk

24 (6.7%)

175 (93.3%)

25 (11.4%)

181 (88.6%)

0.230

83 (16.8%)

407 (83.2%)

0.078

 Medium risk

12 (16.4%)

52 (83.6%)

6 (5.2%)

62 (94.8%)

13 (7.1%)

137 (92.9%)

 High risk

1 (5.5%)

11 (94.5%)

1 (1.2%)

15 (98.8%)

8 (22.6%)

23 (77.4%)

 Addiction likely

1 (4.4%)

11 (95.6%)

1 (1.7%)

12 (98.3%)

4 (9.3%)

25 (90.7%)

 ARV exposed

234 (15.1%)

1150 (84.9%)

0.478

 ARV naive

107 (13.0%)

600 (87.0%)

 Yes

254 (15.9%)

1231 (84.1%)

0.033

 No

116 (11.9%)

703 (88.1%)

 Excellent

5 (7.3%)

88 (92.7%)

0.003

5 (2.2%)

161 (97.8%)

0.006

42 (10.0%)

371 (90.0%)

< 0.001

 Good

55 (9.0%)

498 (91.0%)

48 (9.9%)

444 (90.1%)

186 (13.2%)

1134 (86.8%)

 Fair

50 (19.3%)

182 (80.7%)

43 (14.5%)

194 (85.5%)

105 (18.4%)

370 (81.6%)

 Poor

15 (22.9%)

51 (77.1%)

11 (10.0%)

59 (90.0%)

39 (27.1%)

78 (72.9%)

 Yes

20 (56.1%)

14 (43.9%)

< 0.001

17 (54.0%)

10 (46.0%)

< 0.001

49 (52.7%)

35 (47.3%)

< 0.001

 No

103 (10.3%)

804 (89.7%)

88 (7.7%)

849 (92.3%)

322 (13.1%)

1919 (86.9%)

 Yes

7 (28.8%)

12 (71.2%)

0.008

23 (41.8%)

25 (58.2%)

< 0.001

 No

99 (8.7%)

845 (91.3%)

346 (13.6%)

1922 (86.4%)

 Yes

3 (54.5%)

2 (45.5%)

0.009

3 (65.5%)

3 (34.5%)

< 0.001

4 (66.2%)

4 (33.8%)

< 0.001

 No

120 (11.5%)

816 (88.5%)

102 (8.8%)

855 (91.2%)

365 (14.2%)

1946 (85.8%)

 Yes

71 (18.2%)

327 (81.8%)

0.004

5 (8.6%)

31 (91.4%)

0.951

128 (16.1%)

512 (83.9%)

0.230

 No

53 (7.52%)

491 (92.5%)

99 (8.9%)

826 (91.1%)

244 (13.7%)

1443 (86.3%)

 Yes

9 (15.4%)

54 (84.6%)

0.467

5 (7.6%)

44 (92.5%)

0.757

16 (19.5%)

60 (80.5%)

0.257

 No

114 (11.5%)

766 (88.5%)

100 (9.0%)

815 (91.0%)

352 (14.1%)

1891 (85.9%)

 Public

109 (12.7%)

675 (87.3%)

0.113

90 (10.6%)

649 (89.4%)

0.104

337 (14.7%)

1766 (85.3%)

0.296

 Private

15 (7.1%)

122 (92.9%)

15 (6.3%)

186 (93.7%)

35 (12.7%)

164 (87.3%)