Table 1 Characteristics of participants and self-rated health (n = 2707)
Characteristics of participants | Full sample | Self-rated health status | P-value | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Poor | Fair | Good | Very good | Excellent | |||
Demographics | |||||||
 Gender a |  |  |  |  |  |  | <  0.001 |
  Male | 1066 (39.38) | 6 (0.56) | 62 (5.82) | 299 (28.05) | 61 (57.41) | 87 (8.16) |  |
  Female | 1641 (60.62) | 10 (0.61) | 185 (11.27) | 610 (37.17) | 773 (47.11) | 63 (3.84) |  |
 Age a |  |  |  |  |  |  | <  0.001 |
  50–54 | 889 (32.84) | 5 (0.56) | 58 (6.52) | 273 (30.71) | 491 (55.23) | 62 (6.97) |  |
  55–59 | 783 (28.93) | 7 (0.89) | 61 (7.79) | 278 (35.50) | 384 (49.04) | 53 (6.77) |  |
   ≥ 60 | 1035 (38.23) | 4 (0.39) | 128 (12.37) | 358 (34.58) | 510 (49.28) | 35 (3.38) |  |
 Socioeconomic status Education a |  |  |  |  |  |  | <  0.001 |
  No formal education | 1702 (62.87) | 14 (0.82) | 190 (11.16) | 615 (36.13) | 807 (47.41) | 76 (4.47) |  |
  Elementary school | 809 (29.89) | 2 (0.25) | 46 (5.69) | 237 (29.30) | 467 (57.73) | 57 (7.05) |  |
  Middle school and above | 196 (7.24) | 0 (0) | 11 (5.61) | 57 (29.08) | 111 (56.63) | 17 (8.67) |  |
 Household annual income a |  |  |  |  |  |  | <  0.010 |
   ≤ 12,000 CNY | 680 (25.12) | 6 (0.88) | 83 (12.21) | 250 (36.76) | 304 (44.71) | 37 (5.44) |  |
  12,000–19,999 CNY | 715 (26.41) | 8 (1.12) | 56 (7.83) | 228 (31.89) | 384 (53.71) | 39 (5.45) |  |
  20,000–59,999 CNY | 856 (31.62) | 1 (0.12) | 80 (9.35) | 278 (32.48) | 443 (51.75) | 54 (6.31) |  |
   ≥ 60,000 CNY | 456 (16.85) | 1 (0.22) | 28 (6.14) | 153 (33.55) | 254 (55.70) | 20 (4.39) |  |
 Employment a |  |  |  |  |  |  | <  0.001 |
  Employed | 738 (27.26) | 10 (1.36) | 50 (6.78) | 208 (28.18) | 406 (55.01) | 64 (8.67) |  |
  Unemployed | 1969 (72.74) | 6 (0.30) | 197 (10.01) | 701 (35.60) | 979 (49.72) | 86 (4.37) |  |
 Registered permanent residence a |  |  |  |  |  |  | <  0.001 |
  Rural | 2253 (83.23) | 13 (0.58) | 219 (9.72) | 726 (32.22) | 1159 (51.44) | 136 (6.04) |  |
  Urban | 401 (14.81) | 2 (0.50) | 19 (4.74) | 155 (38.65) | 211 (52.62) | 14 (3.49) |  |
  Unified household | 53 (1.96) | 1 (1.89) | 9 (16.98) | 28 (52.83) | 15 (28.30) | 0 (0) |  |
Medical insurance a |  |  |  |  |  |  | <  0.001 |
  MIUE | 243 (8.98) | 1 (0.41) | 8 (3.29) | 83 (34.16) | 142 (58.44) | 9 (3.70) |  |
  MIUR | 358 (13.22) | 1 (0.28) | 27 (7.54) | 143 (39.94) | 167 (46.65) | 20 (5.59) |  |
  NCMS | 1198 (44.26) | 2 (0.17) | 78 (6.51) | 399 (33.30) | 629 (52.50) | 90 (7.51) |  |
  MIRR | 848 (31.33) | 12 (1.42) | 133 (15.68) | 263 (31.01) | 410 (48.35) | 30 (3.54) |  |
  No medical insurance | 60 (2.22) | 0 (0) | 1 (1.67) | 21 (35.00) | 37 (61.67) | 1 (1.67) |  |
Health behaviors | |||||||
 Smoking a |  |  |  |  |  |  | <  0.001 |
  Never | 2113 (78.06) | 15 (0.71) | 208 (9.84) | 750 (35.49) | 1036 (49.03) | 104 (4.92) |  |
  Ever | 185 (6.83) | 1 (0.54) | 18 (9.73) | 56 (30.27) | 99 (53.51) | 11 (5.95) |  |
  Current | 409 (15.11) | 0 (0) | 21 (5.13) | 103 (25.18) | 250 (61.12) | 35 (8.56) |  |
 Alcohol consumption a |  |  |  |  |  |  | <  0.001 |
  No | 2000 (73.88) | 15 (0.75) | 216 (10.80) | 693 (34.65) | 978 (48.90) | 98 (4.90) |  |
  Occasionally (less than once a week) | 469 (17.33) | 1 (0.21) | 25 (5.33) | 157 (33.48) | 254 (54.16) | 32 (6.82) |  |
  Frequently (more than once a week) | 238 (8.79) | 0 (0) | 6 (2.52) | 59 (24.79) | 153 (64.29) | 20 (8.40) |  |
 Physical activity a |  |  |  |  |  |  | > 0.050 |
  Low (≤ 18.9 MET/day) | 1353 (49.98) | 14 (1.03) | 123 (9.09) | 476 (35.18) | 656 (48.48) | 84 (6.21) |  |
  High (> 18.9 MET/day) | 1354 (50.02) | 2 (0.15) | 124 (9.16) | 433 (31.98) | 729 (53.84) | 66 (4.87) |  |
 Sleep duration (per night) a |  |  |  |  |  |  | <  0.010 |
   < 7 h | 184 (6.80) | 4 (2.17) | 27 (14.67) | 65 (35.33) | 81 (44.02) | 7 (3.80) |  |
  7 h–8 h | 1783 (65.87) | 6 (0.34) | 149 (5.50) | 592 (33.20) | 926 (51.93) | 110 (6.17) |  |
  > 8 h | 740 (27.34) | 6 (0.81) | 71 (9.59) | 252 (34.05) | 378 (51.08) | 33 (4.46) |  |
Quality of nighttime sleep b | 0 (0, 1.0) | 1.5 (0, 2.0) | 1.0 (0, 2.0) | 0 (0, 2.0) | 0 (0, 1.0) | 0 (0, 1.0) | <  0.001 |
Chronic diseases | |||||||
 Obesity a |  |  |  |  |  |  | > 0.050 |
  No | 2167 (80.05) | 14 (0.65) | 207 (9.55) | 717 (33.09) | 1104 (50.95) | 125 (5.77) |  |
  Yes | 540 (19.95) | 2 (0.37) | 40 (7.41) | 192 (35.56) | 281 (52.04) | 25 (4.63) |  |
 Hypertension a |  |  |  |  |  |  | <  0.001 |
  No | 1860 (68.71) | 9 (0.48) | 134 (7.20) | 590 (31.72) | 1006 (54.09) | 121 (6.51) |  |
  Yes | 847 (31.29) | 7 (0.83) | 113 (13.34) | 319 (37.66) | 379 (44.75) | 29 (3.42) |  |
 Diabetes a |  |  |  |  |  |  | <  0.010 |
  No | 2610 (96.42) | 14 (0.54) | 234 (8.96) | 867 (33.22) | 1353 (51.84) | 142 (5.44) |  |
  Yes | 97 (3.58) | 2 (2.06) | 13 (13.40) | 42 (43.30) | 32 (32.99) | 8 (8.25) |  |
 Hyperlipidemia a |  |  |  |  |  |  | <  0.001 |
  No | 2014 (74.40) | 8 (0.40) | 154 (7.65) | 653 (32.42) | 1083 (53.77) | 116 (5.76) |  |
  Yes | 693 (25.60) | 8 (1.15) | 93 (13.42) | 256 (36.94) | 302 (43.58) | 34 (4.91) |  |
 Mental health | |||||||
  Anxiety b | 0 (0, 1.0) | 1.0 (0, 2.0) | 1.0 (0, 2.0) | 1.0 (0, 2.0) | 0 (0, 1.0) | 0 (0, 0) | <  0.001 |
  Depression b | 0 (0, 1.0) | 2.0 (0, 2.0) | 2.0 (0, 2.0) | 0 (0, 2.0) | 0 (0, 1.0) | 0 (0, 0) | <  0.001 |