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Table 3 Factors associated with hemoglobin concentrations (g/L) in adolescents from rural Western China, 2016 (N = 1517)

From: Anemia and associated factors among adolescent girls and boys at 10–14 years in rural western China

 

Mean (SD)

Unadjusted

Adjusteda

Mean differences

95% CI

p values

Mean differences

95% CI

p values

Maternal age/yearsb

 Q1: ≤35

131.9 (15.1)

Ref.

  

Ref.

  

 Q2: 36–39

133.6 (14.1)

1.65

−0.20, 3.49

0.08

0.54

−1.48, 2.56

0.60

 Q3: ≥40

134.0 (15.3)

2.06

0.29, 3.83

0.02

1.63

−1.26, 4.52

0.27

Maternal education

 < 3 years

129.3 (15.9)

Ref.

  

Ref.

  

 Primary

131.9 (15.5)

2.58

−0.84, 6.00

0.14

3.28

−0.24, 6.79

0.07

 Secondary

133.2 (15.1)

3.86

0.56, 7.15

0.02

4.34

0.68, 8.01

0.02

 High school+

135.8 (12.1)

6.49

2.83, 10.14

0.001

4.83

0.44, 9.22

0.03

Maternal occupation

 Farmer

135.0 (14.1)

Ref.

  

Ref.

  

 Others

131.8 (15.3)

3.21

1.68, 4.74

< 0.001

2.44

0.62, 4.27

0.01

Paternal age/yearb

 Q1: ≤37

132.0 (13.9)

Ref.

  

Ref.

  

 Q2: 38–41

133.6 (15.7)

1.60

−0.21, 3.41

0.08

0.84

−1.16, 2.83

0.41

 Q3: ≥42

133.6 (15.3)

1.68

−0.14, 3.51

0.07

0.57

−2.46, 3.59

0.71

Paternal education

 < 3 years

126.9 (14.9)

Ref.

  

Ref.

  

 Primary

132.3 (16.8)

5.41

−1.56, 12.39

0.13

6.05

−0.94, 13.03

0.09

 Secondary

132.6 (15.3)

5.70

−1.06, 12.46

0.10

4.98

−1.92, 11.88

0.16

 High school+

134.6 (12.6)

7.73

0.88, 14.59

0.03

4.25

−2.89, 11.39

0.24

Paternal occupation

 Farmer

133.3 (13.50

Ref.

  

Ref.

  

Others

132.9 (17.3)

0.39

−1.22, 1.99

0.64

−1.50

−3.29, 0.29

0.10

Household wealth

 Low

131.6 (15.7)

Ref.

  

Ref.

  

 Medium

131.9 (16.0)

0.37

−1.50, 2.24

0.70

0.46

−1.42, 2.35

0.63

 High

135.3 (12.8)

3.71

1.93, 5.48

< 0.001

2.52

0.53, 4.50

0.01

Randomized regimens

 Folic acid

133.4 (15.7)

Ref.

  

Ref.

  

 Iron/folic acid

132.4 (13.7)

−0.96

−2.78, 0.86

0.30

−0.78

−2.59, 1.02

0.39

 Multiple micronutrients

133.2 (15.3)

−0.22

−2.05, 1.62

0.82

−0.28

−2.10, 1.53

0.76

Adolescent age

 10

131.2 (14.5)

Ref.

  

Ref.

  

 11

131.0 (15.7)

−0.24

−3.86, 3.81

0.90

1.08

−2.59, 4.76

0.56

 12

134.0 (13.9)

2.75

−0.87, 6.37

0.14

3.05

−0.74, 6.84

0.12

 13–14

135.0 (14.7)

3.78

0.06, 7.51

0.05

3.01

−1.05, 7.08

0.15

Sex

 Male

134.9 (15.2)

Ref.

  

Ref.

  

 Female

130.5 (14.1)

−4.44

−5.94, −2.94

< 0.001

−5.04

−6.64, −3.45

< 0.001

Height for age z score

 Stunting (<−2SD)

127.7 (13.5)

−4.31

−9.48, 0.86

0.10

−2.21

−7.51, 3.08

0.41

 -2 to 1 SD

132.0 (14.5)

Ref.

  

Ref.

  

 Above average (>1SD)

137.6 (15.7)

5.55

3.69, 7.42

< 0.001

2.96

0.92, 5.00

0.004

Whether having an illness in the last 2 weeks

 Yes

131.7 (13.8)

Ref.

  

Ref.

  

 No

133.9 (15.4)

2.14

0.61, 3.67

0.01

1.58

0.06, 3.10

0.04

Puberty developmentc

 Pre-puberty

128.7 (14.2)

Ref.

  

Ref.

  

 Mild

132.7 (14.8)

3.95

1.83, 6.08

< 0.001

3.26

1.07, 5.44

0.004

 Above mild

135.3 (14.9)

6.53

4.39, 8.68

< 0.001

5.83

3.27, 8.39

< 0.001

Times of consuming flesh foods per day (Mean/SD)d

 Q1 (Lowest)

130.9 (15.7)

Ref.

  

Ref.

  

 Q2

133.7 (13.5)

2.79

0.82, 4.76

0.01

2.28

0.31, 4.24

0.02

 Q3 (Highest)

133.7 (15.4)

2.73

0.83, 4.64

0.01

1.31

−0.64, 3.26

0.19

Times of consuming beans per day (Mean/SD)d

 Q1 (Lowest)

132.7 (15.3)

Ref.

  

Ref.

  

 Q2

132.6 (14.9)

−0.04

−1.73, 1.64

0.96

−0.87

−2.56, 0.82

0.31

 Q3 (Highest)

134.3 (14.2)

1.64

0.56, 3.84

0.14

0.27

−1.93, 2.47

0.81

Times of consuming dairy products per day (Mean/SD)d

 Q1 (Lowest)

132.2 (15.6)

Ref.

  

Ref.

  

 Q2

133.3 (14.2)

1.13

−0.62, 2.87

0.21

0.81

−0.94, 2.56

0.37

 Q3 (Highest)

133.7 (14.7)

1.50

−0.41, 3.41

0.12

0.85

−1.06, 2.77

0.38

Times of consuming egg per day (Mean/SD)d

 Q1 (Lowest)

131.3 (14.2)

Ref.

  

Ref.

  

 Q2

134.2 (14.7)

2.86

1.14, 4.58

0.001

2.64

0.94, 4.34

0.002

 Q3 (Highest)

133.4 (14.5)

2.11

0.25, 3.97

0.03

2.45

0.62, 4.29

0.01

Meal frequency in 24 h

 Two times

131.1 (15.7)

Ref.

  

Ref.

  

 Three times and four times

134.5 (14.1)

3.39

1.88, 4.90

< 0.001

1.69

0.13, 3.25

0.03

  1. aThe adjusted model included all the variables in the table except for dietary variables. And then, each of the dietary variables were put in the adjusted model above one at a time
  2. bParents’ age was categorized by its tertiles
  3. cPuberty development was defined by the Tanner stages
  4. dThe frequency of consuming foods was converted into continuous variables namely times per day, which were then categorized by its tertiles. Flesh foods included meat, poultry and fish
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