Table 2 Multilevel binary logistic regression results for factors associated with modern contraceptive use among married women in Senegal

 No decision making (ref)

 Decision making one

1.24 (1.10–1.40)***

1.18 (1.04–1.33)**

 Decision making two

1.28 (1.09–1.50)**

1.20 (1.02–1.41)*

 Accept (ref)

 Refuse

1.13 (1.01–1.26)*

1.11 (0.99–1.24)

 No (ref)

 Yes

1.54 (1.24–1.91)***

1.44 (1.16–1.79)**

 No formal education (ref)

 Primary school

1.24 (1.09–1.42)**

1.21 (1.06–1.38)**

 Secondary school

1.42 (1.19–1.70)***

1.37 (1.14–1.64)***

 Higher

1.98 (1.34–2.92)**

1.88 (1.28–2.76)**

 Muslim (ref)

 Christian

1.08 (0.78–1.50)

1.03 (0.75–1.43)

 Poorest (ref)

 Poorer

1.01 (0.86–1.19)

0.97 (0.82–1.14)

 Middle

1.41 (1.18–1.69)***

1.20 (0.99–1.46)

 Richer

1.72 (1.40–2.11)***

1.31 (1.03–1.67)*

 Richest

1.79 (1.40–2.27)***

1.22 (0.91–1.62)

 15–19 years (ref)

 20–24 years

1.18 (0.88–1.57)

1.15 (0.87–1.54)

 25–29 years

1.10 (0.82–1.47)

1.05 (0.78–1.40)

 30–34 years

0.98 (0.72–1.33)

0.94 (0.69–1.28)

 35–39 years

0.94 (0.68–1.29)

0.88 (0.64–1.22)

 40–44 years

0.70 (0.50–0.98)*

0.66 (0.47–0.92)*

 45–49 years

0.47 (0.32–0.68)***

0.44 (0.30–0.63)***

 No child (ref)

 1–2 children

12.60 (8.23–19.30)***

12.55 (8.20–19.21)***

 3–4 children

24.47 (15.72–38.08)***

24.51 (15.76–38.11)***

 5 or more children

35.49 (22.38–56.27)***

36.01 (22.73–57.05)***

 Wolof (ref)

 Poular

0.87 (0.75–1.01)

0.90 (0.77–1.06)

 Serer

1.10 (0.91–1.32)

1.08 (0.90–1.31)

 Mandingue/soc

1.01 (0.81–1.26)

1.04 (0.82–1.31)

 Diola

0.76 (0.55–1.05)

0.70 (0.50–0.99)*

 Sonink

0.93 (0.58–1.49)

0.99 (0.62–1.57)

 Other Senegalese

0.96 (0.75–1.23)

0.96 (0.74–1.23)

 Other

0.68 (0.48–0.98)*

0.66 (0.46–0.95)*

 No formal education (ref)

 Primary school

1.37 (1.17–1.60)***

1.32 (1.13–1.54)***

 Secondary school

1.18 (0.99–1.41)

1.14 (0.95–1.36)

 Higher

1.45 (1.12–1.88)**

1.43 (1.10–1.85)**

 0 child (ref)

 1 child

0.79 (0.18–3.41)

0.89 (0.21–3.80)

 2 children

1.85 (1.07–3.17)*

1.95 (1.13–3.35)*

 3 children

1.07 (0.70–1.66)

1.13 (0.73–1.75)

 4 children

1.17 (0.80–1.70)

1.25 (0.86–1.83)

 5 children

1.22 (0.84–1.77)

1.31 (0.90–1.90)

 6 children and above

1.06 (0.74–1.52)

1.14 (0.79–1.63)

 Non-numeric response

0 .80 (0.55–1.18)

0.90 (0.62–1.33)

 Wants within 2 years (ref)

 Wants after 2 years

2.12 (1.85–2.44)***

2.09 (1.81–2.40)***

 Wants, unsure timing

0.92 (0.70–1.22)

0.93 (0.70–1.23)

 Undecided

1.47 (0.96–2.25)

1.52 (0.99–2.32)

 Wants no more

2.50 (2.09–2.99)***

2.46 (2.06–2.94)***

 Big problem (ref)

 Not a big problem

1.17 (1.02–1.33)*

1.10 (0.97–1.26)

 Dakar (ref)

 Ziguinchor

0.60 (0.42–0.86)**

0.69 (0.46–1.04)

 Diourbel

0.50 (0.35–0.69)***

0.47 (0.33–0.67)***

 Saint Louis

0.73 (0.53–1.00)

0.81 (0.57–1.14)

 Tambacounda

0.56 (0.39–0.81)**

0.77 (0.51–1.16)

 Kaolack

0.63 (0.46–0.87)**

0.70 (0.50–1.00)

 Thies

0.99 (0.74–1.32)

0.96 (0.70–1.32)

 Louga

0.67 (0.48–0.93)*

0.75 (0.52–1.07)

 Fatick

0.82 (0.59–1.14)

0.75 (0.53–1.08)

 Kolda

0.67 (0.48–0.93)*

0.85 (0.59–1.23)

 Matam

0.30 (0.21–0.44)***

0.35 (0.23–0.53)***

 Kaffrine

0.86 (0.61–1.20)

1.04 (0.72–1.51)

 Kedougou

0.37 (0.25–0.57)***

0.51 (0.32–0.80)**

 Sedhiou

0.60 (0.43–0.86)**

0.70 (0.48–1.03)

 Urban (ref)

 Rural

0.76 (0.63–0.91)**

0.76 (0.63–0.93)**

 Low (ref)

 Medium

1.47 (1.22–1.78)***

1.30 (1.07–1.59)**

 High

1.65 (1.29–2.120)***

1.31 (1.01–1.71)*

 Low (ref)

 Medium

1.15 (0.93–1.42)

1.08 (0.86–1.36)

 High

1.10 (0.88–1.37)

1.04 (0.81–1.33)

 Low (ref)

 Medium

1.37 (1.15–1.62)***

1.34 (1.12–1.61)***

 High

1.46 (1.22–1.76)***

1.37 (1.13–1.67)***

 PSU variance (95% CI)

0.52 (0.42–0.65)

0.30 (0.23–0.40)

0.16 (0.11–0.22)

0.16 (0.11–0.24)

 ICC

0.13

0.08

0.04

0.04

 LR Test

X² = 443.55, p < 0.001

X² = 152.76, p < 0.001

X² = 76.02, p < 0.001

X² = 59.26, p < 0.001

 Wald chi-square and p-value

X² = 883.97, p < 0.001

X² = 343.82, p < 0.001

X² = 1028.03, p < 0.001

 Log-likelihood

− 5926.8

− 5113.3

− 5793.98

−5048.23

 AIC

11,857.64

10,316.66

11,631.96

10,226.48

 BIC

11,872.32

10,645.76

11,793.46

10,701.84

 PSU

400

400

400

400