Table 3 Factors independently associated with internal stigma score using multivariable negative binomial regression (N = 495)
aIRR[95%CI] | p-value | |
|---|---|---|
Highest level of formal education completed | ||
No formal education | 1.38 [1.16;1.65] | < 0.001 |
Primary or secondary school | 1.15 [0.98;1.35] | 0.082 |
Technical college or University | 1 | |
Current employment status | ||
In full-time | 1 | |
In part-time | 0.84 [0.73;0.96] | 0.013 |
Unemployed and not working at all | 0.92 [0.82;1.04] | 0.183 |
Current relationship status | ||
Married or cohabiting | 1 | |
In a relationship but not living together | 1.12 [0.88;1.43] | 0.352 |
Single or divorced or separated | 1.11 [0.99;1.24] | 0.074 |
Widow or widower | 0.99 [0.83;1.19] | 0.952 |
Belongs to at least one key population | ||
No | 1 | |
Yes | 1.15 [1.03;1.28] | 0.016 |
Reactions of other adult family members when they first knew about HIV status* | ||
Very discriminatory or discriminatory | 1.28 [1.11;1.49] | 0.001 |
No difference | 1.05 [0.90;1.23] | 0.501 |
Very supportive or supportive | 1 | |
Not applicable | 1.09 [0.96;1.23] | 0.188 |
Psychological pressure or manipulation by husband or wife or partner in which HIV-positive status was used* | ||
Never or once | 1 | |
A few times or often | 1.17 [1.00;1.37] | 0.053 |
Avoiding HIV prevention / testing / treatment services for fear of stigmatization by staff | ||
No | 1 | |
Yes | 1.16 [1.05;1.28] | 0.004 |
Denied health services (including dental care) because of HIV status* | ||
No | 1 | |
Yes | 1.16 [1.03;1.32] | 0.014 |
Not applicable | 1.05 [0.93;1.18] | 0.441 |
Perceived health | ||
Excellent or very good or good | 1 | |
Fair or poor | 1.23 [1.11;1.36] | < 0.001 |