Table 1 Adolescents’ characteristics: Comparison of ALPHIV and controls, distinguishing adolescents living in family and in institutions
Adolescents living in family | Adolescents living in institutions | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Variables (n in case of missing data) | ALPHIV N = 571 (%) Median (sd) | Controls N = 571 (%) Median (sd) | p-value | ALPHIV N = 136 (%) Median (sd) | Controls N = 118 (%) Median (sd) | p-value |
SOCIO-DEMOGRAPHIC CHARACTERISTICS | ||||||
Sex (male) | 238 (41.7) | 238 (41.7) | 68 (50.0) | 59 (50.0) | ||
Age | 14.4 (2.9) | 14.4 (2.9) | 14.8 (3.1) | 14.6 (3.4) | ||
Orphan (one or both parents) | 493 (86.3) | 65 (11.4) | <0.001† | 131 (96.3) | 88 (74.6) | <0.001§ |
Ethnic minority (475,571,129,116) | 15 (2.6) | 29 (5.1) | 0.12§ | 11 (8.1) | 37 (31.4) | <0.001§ |
Type of caregiver (560, 570) | ||||||
Parent | 179 (31.3) | 415 (72.7) | <0.001¥ | – | – | |
Grandparent | 213 (37.3) | 89 (15.6) | – | – | ||
More distant relative or guardian | 168 (29.4) | 66 (11.6) | – | – | ||
Caregiver’s level of education | ||||||
Secondary school and above | 108 (18.9) | 211 (37.0) | <0.001¥ | – | – | |
Primary school | 379 (66.4) | 325 (56.9) | – | – | ||
Never attended school | 84 (14.7) | 35 (6.1) | – | – | ||
Household’s financial situation difficult | 207 (36.3) | 109 (19.1) | <0.001† | – | – | |
Living area rural (569,569) | 442 (77.4) | 458 (80.2) | 0.16† | – | – | |
EDUCATION | ||||||
Current school attendance | 472 (82.7) | 538 (94.2) | <0.001† | 130 (95.6) | 118 (100) | 0.03‡ |
Disrupted school trajectory (564,571,135,118) | 157 (27.5) | 32 (5.6) | <0.001† | 101 (74.3) | 52 (44.1) | <0.001§ |
Academic delay (≥ 1 year) (564,571,135,118) | 96 (16.8) | 21 (3.7) | <0.001† | 96 (70.6) | 52 (44.1) | <0.001§ |
Early school dropout | 61 (10.7) | 11 (1.9) | <0.001† | 5 (3.7) | 0 (0) | 0.06‡ |
SCHOOL LIFE | ||||||
In public school (570,571,132,115) | 532 (93.2) | 523 (91.6) | 0.29† | 82 (60.3) | 90 (76.3) | 0.01§ |
Attendance in extra-curricular school (569,571,135,118) | 306 (53.4) | 378 (66.2) | <0.001† | 85 (62.5) | 84 (71.2) | 0.17§ |
No or few friends at school (567,571,136,118) | 64 (11.2) | 23 (4.0) | <0.001† | 17 (12.5) | 31 (26.3) | 0.01§ |
Lack of school life enjoyment (566,571,136,118) | 75 (13.1) | 56 (9.8) | 0.06† | 19 (14.0) | 25 (21.2) | 0.13§ |
Self-reported academic performance (564,571,136,118) | ||||||
Mediocre / poor | 26 (4.6) | 13 (2.3) | 0.07¥ | 12 (8.8) | 11 (9.3) | 0.76§ |
Fair | 282 (49.4) | 279 (48.9) | 59 (43.4) | 56 (47.5) | ||
Good / excellent | 258 (45.2) | 279 (48.9) | 65 (47.8) | 51 (43.2) | ||
Absenteeism for medical reasons (560,570,135,118) | ||||||
Rarely | 195 (34.2) | 332 (58.1) | <0.001¥ | 60 (44.1) | 67 (56.8) | 0.13§ |
Sometimes | 234 (41.0) | 175 (30.6) | 52 (38.2) | 33 (28.0) | ||
Regularly / for a long time | 131 (22.9) | 63 (11.0) | 23 (16.9) | 18 (15.3) | ||
Grade repetition (567,571,136,118) | 87 (15.2) | 19 (3.3) | <0.001† | – | – | |
Higher education aspirations | ||||||
Yes | 285 (49.9) | 411 (72.0) | <0.001¥ | 74 (54.4) | 75 (63.6) | 0.32§ |
No | 104 (18.2) | 36 (6.3) | 21 (15.4) | 16 (13.6) | ||
Don’t know | 182 (31.9) | 124 (21.7) | 41 (30.1) | 27 (22.9) | ||
Stigmatization experience(s) at school (564) | 134 (23.5) | – | – | – | ||
HEALTH | ||||||
History of hospitalizations (570,571,136,118) | 347 (60.8) | 225 (39.4) | <0.001† | 76 (55.9) | 36 (30.5) | <0.001§ |
Neurocognitive difficulties (481,571,136,118) | 87 (15.2) | 5 (0.9) | <0.001§ | 25 (18.4) | 8 (6.4) | 0.006§ |
HAZ < −2 (569,128) | 240 (42.0) | – | 46 (33.8) | – | ||
Age at ART initiation (549,121) | 9.0 (3.1) | – | 8.6 (3.5) | – | ||
Age at diagnosis (563,106) | 7.5 (3.8) | – | 8.3 (4.0) | – | ||
NNRTI based ART (571,131) | 421 (73.7) | – | 87 (64.0) | – | ||
Viral load ≥ 1000 cp/mL (569,130) | 103 (18.0) | – | 3 (2.2) | – | ||
CD4 count < 20% (568,130) | 120 (21.0) | – | 13 (9.6) | – | ||