Table 1 General characteristics and deaths by individual-, household- and community-level characteristics
From: Neonatal mortality in the central districts of Ghana: analysis of community and composition factors
Variable | Â | Neonatal deaths | Total | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Â | Yes | No | Â | |
Individual variables | n (%) | n (%) | n (%) | N (%) |
Sex | ||||
 Male | 15,406 (51.1) | 395 (2.6) | 15,011 (97.4) | 15,406 (100.0) |
 Female | 14,487 (48.9) | 239 (1.6) | 14,487 (98.4) | 14,487 (100.0) |
Total | 29,893 (100.0) | Â | Â | Â |
Birth order | ||||
 1 | 7105 (23.6) | 181 (2.6) | 6924 (97.4) | 7105 (100.0) |
 2–3 | 10,008 (33.2) | 205 (2.1) | 9803 (97.9) | 10,008 (100.0) |
  ≥ 4 | 12,994 43.2) | 247 (1.9) | 12,747 (98.1) | 12,994 (100.0) |
 Total | 30,107 (100.0) |  |  |  |
Educational level | ||||
 None | 16,649 (55.5) | 317 (1.9) | 16,332 (98.1) | 16,649 (100.0) |
 Primary | 6562 (21.9) | 154 (2.3) | 6408 (97.7) | 6562 (100.0) |
 Middle/JHS/JSS | 5705 (19.0) | 151 (2.6) | 5554 (97.4) | 5705 (100.0) |
 Secondary or above | 1108 (3.7) | 10 (0.9) | 1093 (99.1) | 1108 (100.0) |
Total | 30,024 (100.0) | Â | Â | Â |
Tetanus toxoid | ||||
 Yes | 20,456 (69.6) | 415 (2.0) | 20,041 (98.0) | 20,456 (100.0) |
 No | 8936 (30.4) | 205 (2.3) | 8731 (97.7) | 8936 (100.0) |
Total | 29,392 (100.0) | Â | Â | Â |
Gravidity | ||||
 1 | 6529 (21.7) | 167 (2.6) | 6362 (97.4) | 6529 (100.0) |
 2–4 | 13,998 (46.4) | 275 (2.0) | 13,723 (98.0) | 13,998 (100.0) |
  ≥ 5 | 9601 (31.9) | 192 (2.0) | 9409 (98.0) | 9601 (100.0) |
Total | 30,128 (100.0) | Â | Â | Â |
Maternal age at delivery | ||||
  < 20 | 3715 (12.4) | 90 (2.4) | 3625 (97.6) | 3715 (100.0) |
 20–34 | 20,361 (67.8) | 414 (2.0) | 19,947 (98.0) | 20,361 (100.0) |
 35+ | 5958 (19.8) | 130 (2.2) | 5828 (97.8) | 5958 (100.0) |
Total | 30,034 (100.0) | Â | Â | Â |
Previous adverse pregnancies | ||||
 Yes | 3512 (11.7) | 91 (2.6) | 3421 (97.4) | 3512 (100.0) |
 No | 26,613 (88.3) | 543 (2.0) | 26,070 (98.0) | 26,613 (100.0) |
Total | 30,125 (100.0) | Â | Â | Â |
Place of delivery | ||||
 Hospital | 10,348 (34.3) | 296 (2.9) | 10,052 (97.1) | 10,348 (100.0) |
 Health Centre/Clinic | 2611 (8.7) | 39 (1.5) | 2572 (98.5) | 2611 (100.0) |
 Private maternity home | 2244 (7.5) | 35 (1.6) | 2209 (98.4) | 2244 (100.0) |
 TBA’s house | 483 (1.6) | 12 (2.5) | 471 (97.5) | 483 (100.0) |
 At home | 14,296 (47.4) | 246 (1.7) | 14,050 (98.3) | 14,296 (100.0) |
 Other | 150 (0.5) | 6 (4.0) | 144 (96.0) | 150 (100.0) |
Total | 30,132 (100.00) | Â | Â | Â |
Gestational age | Mean (SD) | Mean (SD) | Mean (SD) | Â |
| Â | 38.2 (4.2) | 36.3 (5.2) | 38.3 (4.2) | 25,150 (100.0) |
Household variables | ||||
| Â | Â | Yes | No | Total |
| Â | n (%) | n (%) | n (%) | Â |
Household wealth | Â | Â | Â | N (%) |
 Poorest | 5703 (18.9) | 124 (2.2) | 5579 (97.8) | 5703 (100.0) |
 Poorer | 5887 (19.6) | 123 (2.1) | 5764 (97.9) | 5887 (100.0) |
 Third | 6099 (20.2) | 113 (1.9) | 5986 (98.1) | 6099 (100.0) |
 Second | 6275 (20.8) | 129 (2.1) | 6146 (97.9) | 6275 (100.0) |
 Wealthiest | 6168 (20.5) | 145 (2.3) | 6023 (97.7) | 6168 (100.0) |
Total | 30,132 (100.0) | Â | Â | Â |
Crowding | Mean (SD) | Mean (SD) | Mean (SD) | Â |
| Â | 2.8 (1.4) | 2.8 (1.4) | 3.1 (1.5) | 30,062 (100.0) |
Community variables | ||||
 Ethnic heterogeneity | ||||
  Least fractionalised | 879 (2.9) | 22 (2.5) | 857 (97.5) | 879 (100.0) |
  Moderately fractionalised | 2012 (6.7) | 33 (1.6) | 1979 (98.4) | 2012 (100.0) |
  Highly fractionalised | 27,241 (90.4) | 579 (2.1) | 26,662 (97.9) | 27,241 (100.0) |
Total | 30,132 (100.0) | Â | Â | Â |
| Â | Mean (SD) | Mean (SD) | Mean (SD) | Â |
Average distance to the nearest health facility | 1.6 (0.9) | 1.6 (1.0) | 1.6 (0.9) | 30,132 (100.0) |
Average travel time to water source | 17.8 (14.7) | 17.7 (13.8) | 17.8 (14.7) | 30,132 (100.0) |
Poverty | 41.1 (2.2) | 41.2 (2.2) | 41.1 (2.1) | 30,132 (100.0) |
Sanitation | 28.6 (24.3) | 28.2 (24.4) | 28.8 (24.3) | 30,132 (100.0) |
Water safety | 62.5 (19.9) | 63.4 (18.2) | 62.5 (19.9) | 30,132 (100.0) |
Community education | 3.8 (1.7) | 3.9 (1.6) | 3.8 (1.7) | 30,132 (100.0) |