Maternal factors | DBM | TBM |
---|
COR(95% CI) | AOR(95% CI)b | COR(95% CI) | AOR(95% CI)c |
---|
Age group |
15–24 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
25–34 | 1.61 (0.87–2.98) | 1.59 (0.83–3.03) | 1.64 (0.88–3.08) | 1.96 (1.04–3.71)* |
> 35 | 2.59 (1.13–5.94)** | 3.08 (1.20–7.86)** | 3.11 (1.34–7.22)** | 3.41 (1.26–9.17)** |
Age at 1st birth |
< 19 years | 0.13 (0.03–0.45)** | | 0.16 (0.04–0.62)** | 0.34 (0.66–1.83) |
20–29 years | 0.12 (0.03–0.44)** | | 0.16 (0.03–0.64)** | 0.18 (0.03–1.06) |
Above 30 years | 1 | | 1 | 1 |
Province |
Province 1 | 0.89 (0.40–2.00) | 1.20 (0.50–2.85) | 0.89 (0.38–2.03) | 1.08 (0.47–2.49) |
Province 2 | 0.08 (0.02–0.29)*** | 0.13 (0.03–0.47)*** | 0.10 (0.03–0.33)*** | 0.11 (0.03–0.41)*** |
Province 3 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
Province 4 | 0.73 (0.31–1.71) | 0.97 (0.36–2.61) | 0.71 (0.29–1.70) | 0.85 (0.31–2.32) |
Province 5 | 0.51 (0.21–1.22) | 0.65 (0.25–1.72) | 0.57 (0.23–1.38) | 0.65 (0.27–1.59) |
Province 6 | 0.24 (0.07–.75)* | 0.47 (0.14–1.58) | 0.28 (0.09–0.87)* | 0.50 (0.15–1.67) |
Province 7 | 0.13 (0.04–0.41)*** | 0.24 (0.07–0.86)* | 0.14 (0.04–0.45)*** | 0.23 (0.06–0.82)* |
Education |
No education | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
Primary | 1.14 (0.55–2.34) | 1.04 (0.49–2.22) | 1.09 (0.53–2.27) | 1.06 (0.46–2.41) |
Secondary | 2.43 (1.24–4.76)* | 2.05 (1.03–4.07)* | 2.09 (1.05–4.16)* | 2.05 (1.00–4.18)* |
higher | 1.83 (0.81–4.10) | 1.04 (0.43–2.49) | 1.57 (0.67–3.71) | 1.43 (0.53–3.84) |
Occupation |
Agriculture | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
No job | 1.42 (0.75–2.68) | 1.19 (0.58–2.42) | 1.33 (0.70–2.52) | 1.10 (0.53–2.26) |
Services | 2.82 (1.37–5.81)* | 1.34 (0.63–2.86) | 2.60 (1.26–5.36)* | 1.33 (0.59–2.96) |
Wealth status |
Poor | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
Middle | 1.15 (0.48–2.75) | 1.42 (0.54–3.71) | 0.98 (0.38–2.49) | 1.61 (0.58–4.40) |
Rich | 2.89 (1.50–5.54)*** | 2.46 (1.17–5.15)** | 2.61 (1.36–5.02)*** | 2.66 (1.28–5.54)*** |
Height |
Normal height | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
Short stature | 3.19 (1.59–6.39)*** | 4.18 (2.04–8.52)*** | 4.38 (2.17–8.86)*** | 5.01 (2.45–10.24)*** |
Delivery by CS | |
No | 1 | 1 | 1 |
Yes | 2.39 (1.18–4.84)* | 1.44 (0.68–3.04) | 1.95 (0.90–4.25) |
Father’s occupation | |
Agriculture | 1 | | 1 |
No job | 0.98 (0.41–2.32) | | 1.01 (0.40–2.52) |
Services | 1.24 (0.53–2.87) | | 1.27 (0.52–3.07) |
Father’s education | |
No education | 1 | | 1 |
Primary | 1.81 (0.58–5.75) | | 1.84 (0.54–6.17) |
Secondary | 1.49 (0.54–4.10) | | 1.36 (0.46–4.00) |
higher | 1.64 (0.56–4.80) | | 1.51 (0.48–4.71) |
Child factors |
Child’s age |
< 12 months | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
13–23 months | 1.63 (0.80–3.30) | 0.85 (0.33–2.20) | 2.13 (0.99–4.57) | 1.24 (0.47–3.34) |
24–35 months | 2.15 (1.04–4.46)* | 1.06 (0.39–2.86) | 2.85 (1.33–6.11)* | 1.60 (0.56–4.57) |
36–47 months | 2.19 (1.01–4.73)* | 1.18 (0.43–3.24) | 2.75 (1.21–6.24)* | 1.71 (0.58–5.02) |
48–59 months | 1.76 (0.79–3.89) | 0.77 (0.26–2.26) | 2.27 (0.98–5.28) | 1.17 (0.36–3.75) |
Child’s sex | |
Male | 1 | | 1 |
Female | 0.84 (0.53–1.33) | | 0.78 (0.49–1.26) |
Vitamin A |
Yes | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
No | 0.45 (0.22–0.92)* | 0.70 (0.29–1.69) | 0.40 (0.19–0.86)* | 0.85 (0.34–2.14) |
Deworming |
Yes | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
No | 0.54 (0.31–0.91)* | 0.71 (0.32–1.56) | 0.49 (0.28–0.86)* | 0.79 (0.35–1.74) |
Currently breastfeeding |
Yes | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
No | 1.97 (1.10–3.51)* | 1.34 (0.64–2.79) | 1.93 (1.07–3.47)* | 1.24 (0.59–2.60) |
Birth weight |
Average | 1 | 1 | 1 | |
Large | 1.93 (1.13–3.29)* | 1.57 (0.85–2.92) | 1.61 (0.90–2.87) |
Small | 1.43 (0.78–2.60) | 1.46 (0.77–2.75) | 1.53 (0.84–2.81) |
- DBM Double burden of malnutrition (Overweight/obese mother and undernourished child at the same household)
- TBM Triple burden of malnutrition (Overweight/obese mother and undernourished and anemic child at the same household)
- 1: reference category
- COR Crude odds ratio, AOR Adjusted odds ratio
- *p < 0.05, **p < 0.02, ***P < 0.001
- b This model was adjusted for mother’s age groups, province, education, occupation, wealth status, mother’s height, delivery by CS, child’s age, vitamin A intake in the last 6 months, deworming, currently breast feeding, and birth weight
- c This model was adjusted for mother’s age groups, mother’s age at 1st birth, province, education, occupation, wealth status, mother’s height, child’s age, vitamin A intake in the last 6 months, deworming, and currently breast feeding