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Table 2 Unadjusted mean round trip travel times (in minutes) by rural-urban category and individual, provider, and clinical characteristic

From: Rural-urban differences in the association between individual, facility, and clinical characteristics and travel time for cancer treatment

 

All (n = 197,498)

Metro (n = 175,184)

Rural RUCC 4–6 (n = 19,346)

P value (metro vs. rural RUCC 4–6)

Rural RUCC 7–9 (n = 2968)

P value (metro vs. rural RUCC7–9)

P value (rural RUCC 4–6 vs. rural RUCC 7–9)

Overall

48.1

41.5

95.6

< 0.001

128.9

< 0.001

< 0.001

Ages < 40

56.4

48.7

117.6

< 0.001

150.7

< 0.001

0.001

Ages 40–64

52.6

45.4

107.5

< 0.001

150.9

< 0.001

< 0.001

Ages 65+

44.3

38.1

86.5

< 0.001

114.4

< 0.001

< 0.001

Male

51.8

44.7

99.3

< 0.001

139.0

< 0.001

< 0.001

Female

44.5

38.4

91.6

< 0.001

117.6

< 0.001

< 0.001

White

51.1

44.0

95.8

< 0.001

129.0

< 0.001

< 0.001

Non-white

24.4

23.6

81.2

< 0.001

87.1

< 0.001

0.683

Race missing

48.6

44.9

107.5

< 0.001

188.4

< 0.001

0.001

Non-Hispanic

48.3

41.4

96.6

< 0.001

127.9

< 0.001

< 0.001

Hispanic

28.8

27.0

89.2

< 0.001

140.0

< 0.001

0.034

Hispanic missing

49.3

46.3

76.4

< 0.001

176.5

< 0.001

< 0.001

Private insurance

52.9

46.2

108.3

< 0.001

151.9

< 0.001

< 0.001

Uninsured

43.9

36.8

91.9

< 0.001

128.9

< 0.001

0.017

Medicaid

43.1

34.9

104.3

< 0.001

148.7

< 0.001

< 0.001

Medicare

45.8

39.2

88.2

< 0.001

114.4

< 0.001

< 0.001

Dual-eligible

39.4

30.6

81.2

< 0.001

103.6

< 0.001

0.001

Other insurance

46.9

41.6

92.4

< 0.001

162.0

< 0.001

< 0.001

Travel time to nearest facility (minutes)

 25th percentile

29.7

25.5

72.5

< 0.001

119.6

< 0.001

< 0.001

 75th percentile

78.7

67.6

111.6

< 0.001

139.9

< 0.001

< 0.001

Chronological facility number

 25th percentile

47.6

41.1

94.4

 

127.2

  

 75th percentile

48.1

41.5

95.6

 

128.9

  

US News hospital score

 25th percentile

41.3

38.6

51.5

< 0.001

63.7

< 0.001

< 0.001

 75th percentile

69.0

57.8

189.9

< 0.001

296.7

< 0.001

< 0.001

US News hospital score missing

41.3

38.6

51.5

 

63.7

  

Volume of cases 2010–2014 at facility attended (in 100’s)

   

< 0.001

 

< 0.001

< 0.001

 25th percentile

37.2

34.3

46.5

< 0.001

60.8

< 0.001

< 0.001

 75th percentile

68.7

57.6

143.6

< 0.001

198.0

< 0.001

< 0.001

Other digestive

53.6

45.7

113.5

< 0.001

166.0

< 0.001

< 0.001

Lung/bronchus

41.9

35.3

90.0

< 0.001

132.5

< 0.001

< 0.001

Colorectal

38.9

33.4

75.6

< 0.001

92.6

< 0.001

< 0.001

Prostate

58.1

51.4

101.3

< 0.001

153.0

< 0.001

< 0.001

Female breast

38.9

34.7

74.1

< 0.001

87.4

< 0.001

< 0.001

Cervical/uterine

54.5

44.9

135.7

< 0.001

171.7

< 0.001

0.143

Oral/pharyngeal

59.2

51.8

110.1

< 0.001

148.1

< 0.001

< 0.001

Ovarian

58.6

49.1

128.9

< 0.001

180.2

< 0.001

0.001

Thyroid

57.7

48.7

122.8

< 0.001

180.3

< 0.001

< 0.001

Melanoma

57.7

51.2

107.3

< 0.001

91.1

< 0.001

0.008

Other urological

50.1

41.9

102.7

< 0.001

152.2

< 0.001

< 0.001

Local

50.3

43.9

95.9

< 0.001

127.1

< 0.001

< 0.001

Regional

48.7

41.5

101.3

< 0.001

143.1

< 0.001

< 0.001

Distant

43.2

36.3

93.0

< 0.001

131.1

< 0.001

< 0.001

Unknown stage

36.7

33.6

57.4

< 0.001

57.8

< 0.001

0.951

Non-mutually exclusive treatment categories

 Chemotherapy

46.4

40.1

96.9

< 0.001

121.1

< 0.001

< 0.001

 Radiation therapy

47.6

42.2

90.2

< 0.001

119.6

< 0.001

< 0.001

 Surgery

49.7

42.7

99.7

< 0.001

132.6

< 0.001

< 0.001

 Immunotherapy

45.6

40.9

95.1

< 0.001

93.9

< 0.001

0.898

 Hormone therapy

48.5

42.5

95.4

< 0.001

115.9

< 0.001

< 0.001

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