Table 3 Smoking, alcohol use, physical activity level, and the quality of life of hardcore smokers among current male smokers aged 55–74 years old with histories of more than 30 pack-years of smoking
Variable | All (N = 4,763,098) | Hardcore smoker (N = 1,576,339) | Non-hardcore smoker (N = 3,186,759) | P-value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
Smoking history | ||||
 Age at smoking initiation | ||||
  mean ± SD, years | 20.14 ± 0.15 | 19.91 ± 0.29 | 20.26 ± 0.18 | 0.3181 |
  age < 16 | 448,900 (9.42) | 96,125 (12.44) | 252,775 (7.93) | 0.1983 |
  16–20 | 1,558,601 (32.72) | 473,733 (30.05) | 1,084,869 (34.04) | |
  20–26 | 2,354,200 (49.43) | 793,997 (50.37) | 1,560,203 (48.96) | |
  ≥ 26 | 401,396 (8.43) | 112,484 (7.14) | 288,912 (9.07) | |
 Total amount of smoking (mean ± SD, PYs) | 45.94 ± 0.59 | 48.71 ± 1.06 | 44.57 ± 0.65 | 0.0008 |
 Second-hand smoke at workplace | 2,215,002 (59.65) | 783,208 (62.85) | 1,431,794 (58.03) | 0.2882 |
 Second-hand smoke at home | 534,864 (60.82) | 205,697 (57.65) | 329,167 (62.99) | 0.5190 |
 Education on smoking cessation | 295,023 (6.19) | 31,159 (1.98) | 263,864 (8.28) | 0.0012 |
 Alcohol use | 0.0250 | |||
  Never drinker | 603,562 (13.38) | 207,816 (13.94) | 395,745 (13.10) | |
  0–1 time per week | 1,402,721 (31.09) | 383,625 (25.73) | 1,019,097 (33.74) | |
  2–3 times per week | 1,154,395 (25.58) | 337,568 (22.64) | 816,827 (27.04) | |
  ≥ 4 times per week | 1,351,464 (29.95) | 562,243 (37.70) | 789,221 (26.13) | |
Physical activity (days per week) | ||||
 Intense physical activity |  |  |  | <0.0001 |
  None | 3,455,345 (72.62) | 1,196,667 (76.15) | 2,258,677 (70.88) |  |
  1 day or more | 1,302,777 (27.38) | 374,696 (23.85) | 928,081 (29.12) |  |
 Moderate physical activity |  |  |  | 0.0922 |
  None | 3,207,816 (67.46) | 1,124,207 (71.54) | 2,083,608 (65.44) |  |
  1 day or more | 1,547,407 (32.54) | 447,156 (28.46) | 1,100,251 (34.56) |  |
 Walking |  |  |  | 0.4154 |
  None | 982,587 (20.63) | 354,400 (22.48) | 628,187 (19.71) |  |
  1 day or more | 3,780,510 (79.37) | 1,221,939 (77.52) | 2,558,571 (80.29) |  |
 Muscle strengthening exercises |  |  |  | 0.0062 |
  None | 3,576,412 (75.13) | 1,288,433 (81.74) | 2,287,979 (71.86) |  |
  1 day or more | 1,183,787 (24.87) | 287,906 (18.26) | 895,881 (28.14) |  |
EQ-5D | ||||
 Mobility |  |  |  | 0.1598 |
  No problem | 3,593,648 (75.67) | 1,142,042 (72.58) | 2,451,606 (77.20) |  |
  Problem | 1,155,661 (24.33) | 431,468 (27.42) | 724,193 (22.80) |  |
 Self-care |  |  |  | 0.7847 |
  No problem | 4,394,378 (92.52) | 1,462,178 (92.92) | 2,932,200 (92.33) |  |
  Problem | 354,932 (7.47) | 111,332 (7.08) | 243,600 (7.67) |  |
 Usual activities |  |  |  | 0.1462 |
  No problem | 4,074,653 (85.79) | 1,309,170 (83.20) | 2,765,483 (87.08) |  |
  Problem | 674,656 (14.21) | 264,340 (16.80) | 410,316 (12.92) |  |
 Pain/discomfort |  |  |  | 0.7049 |
  No problem | 3,526,198 (74.25) | 1,153,523 (73.31) | 2,372,675 (74.71) |  |
  Problem | 1,223,111 (25.75) | 419,987 (26.69) | 803,125 (25.29) |  |
 Anxiety/depression |  |  |  | 0.4414 |
  No problem | 4,093,048 (86.18) | 1,332,971 (84.71) | 276,007 (86.91) |  |
  Problem | 656,262 (13.82) | 240,539 (15.29) | 415,723 (13.09) |  |
Stress recognition | Â | Â | Â | 0.0494 |
  Hardly or a little | 1,047,737 (22.00) | 303,937 (19.28) | 743,800 (23.34) |  |
  Sufficiently | 2,563,226 (53.81) | 802,693 (50.92) | 1,760,533 (55.25) |  |
  Extremely | 1,152,135 (24.19) | 469,710 (29.80) | 682,425 (21.41) |  |