Table 1 Sample Characteristics

Age

 50–59

46.6

45.2

48.6

45.5

49.4

40.0

 60–69

30.0

31.9

30.9

24.5

31.1

27.3

 70–79

18.1

18.6

16.0

21.5

14.0

23.1

 80 and above

5.3

4.3

4.5

8.5

5.5

9.6

Female

52.0

50.2

49.0

60.9

56.1

47.7

Education

 Less than primary

41.8

41.5

61.2

2.0

48.8

64.2

 Primary only

15.7

21.3

14.8

5.4

22.6

11.0

 Secondary only

16.0

19.9

10.2

20.4

14.2

4.1

 High school only

19.1

12.7

8.6

53.9

8.5

17.1

 College and above

7.4

4.5

5.1

18.4

5.9

3.6

Married

75.7

85.4

76.9

58.6

55.6

59.2

Income

0.3 (0.6)

0.0 (0.5) ^abc

0.7 (0·4)^adef

0.0 (0.3)^dgh

0.5 (1.0)^begi

0.3 (1.4)^cfhi

Living environment

2.2 (1.1)

2.6 (0.7) ^abcd

1.4 (0·8) ^aef

2.8 (0.3)^begh

2.4 (1.8)^cfgi

1.5 (2.8)^dhi

Living arrangements

10.0

9.8

1.8

25.1

15.8

9.3

Medical insurance

56.6

89.8

3.9

99.6

20.3

38.1

Arthritis

22.1

22.0

18.2

30.1

24.8

14.0

Hypertension

47.0

56.4

27.9

60.2

71.5

56.0

Diabetes

6.8

6.6

6.9

7.0

9.0

3.8

Family support

27.2

35.4

26.3

14.1

9.7

43.3

Community support

3.9

2.4

6.7

1.9

1.9

3.3

Cognitive function

− 0.0 (1.0)

0.3 (1.0) ^abc

−0.5 (0.6) ^adef

0.5 (0.9) ^dgh

−0.0 (1.7) ^begi

− 0.2 (2.6) ^cfhi

WHODAS

14.4 (16.2)

6.6 (10.4) ^abcd

22.5 (13.3) ^aefg

14.1 (11.7)^behi

17.3 (33.5)^cfh

18.5 (53.7)^dgi

QoL

51.4 (12.3)

53.3 (12.1) ^abcd

50.3 (9.5) ^aef

50.7 (9.5) ^bg

48.4 (23.1) ^ceh

46.2 (40.8)^dfgh