Table 4 Univariate and Multivariate logistic regression for knowledge
From: Knowledge, attitude and perception of Pakistanis towards COVID-19; a large cross-sectional survey
Odds ratio (95% CI) | p value | |
UNIVARIATE ANALYSIS | ||
Age | ||
15–19 | 1.0 | |
20–29 | 2.54 (1.14–5.65) | 0.02* |
30–39 | 0.80 (0.36–1.78) | 0.59 |
40–49 | 1.24 (0.49–3.18) | 0.64 |
50–59 | 0.70 (0.29–1.66) | 0.42 |
60+ | 0.69 (0.27–1.73) | 0.43 |
Gender | ||
Female | 1.0 | |
Male | 0.25 (0.15–0.41) | < 0.001* |
Marital status | ||
Married | 1.0 | |
Single | 2.20 (1.38–3.50) | 0.001* |
Education | ||
No education | 1.0 | |
Primary school | 0.63 (0.20–1.99) | 0.43 |
Secondary school | 3.33 (1.24–8.90) | 0.01* |
Bachelor degree | 8.25 (3.22–21.13) | < 0.001* |
Higher education | 7.03 (2.47–19.95) | < 0.001* |
Student | ||
No | 1.0 | |
Yes | 2.59 (1.48–4.55) | 0.001* |
Type of job; n = 646 | ||
Non-healthcare | 1.0 | |
Healthcare | 5.13 (1.82–14.41) | 0.002* |
Lost job due to COVID-19 | ||
No | 1.0 | |
Yes | 0.64 (0.30–1.34) | 0.24 |
Province of residence | ||
Sindh | 1.0 | |
Punjab | 2.88 (14–7.24) | 0.02* |
Balochistan | 2.10 (0.28–15.75) | 0.46 |
Khyber Pakhtunkhwa | 1.08 (0.32–3.58) | 0.90 |
Gilgit and Baltistan | 0.97 (0.12–7.58) | 0.97 |
Smoking status | ||
Smoker | 1.0 | |
Never smoker | 1.71 (0.92–3.16) | 0.08 |
Quit smoking | 0.88 (0.40–1.96) | 0.76 |
Adjusted Odds ratio (95% CI) | p value | |
MULTIVARIATE ANALYSIS | ||
Age | ||
15–19 | 1.0 | |
20–29 | 1.06 (0.43–2.58) | 0.89 |
30–39 | 0.37 (0.14–0.94) | 0.03* |
40–49 | 0.63 (0.22–1.78) | 0.38 |
50–59 | 0.32 (0.12–0.87) | 0.02* |
60+ | 0.37 (0.13–1.04) | 0.06 |
Gender | ||
Female | 1.0 | |
Male | 0.33 (0.20–0.57) | < 0.001* |
Education | ||
No education | 1.0 | |
Primary school | 0.71 (0.21–2.35) | 0.58 |
Secondary school | 1.73 (0.60–4.97) | 0.30 |
Bachelor degree | 5.37 (2.01–14.36) | 0.001* |
Higher education | 6.47 (2.21–18.98) | 0.001* |