Variables | Unadjusted OR | Adjusted OR | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
(95% CI) | P-value | (95% CI) | P-value | |
Sex (Reference group = Male) | ||||
Female | 1.004 (0.789–1.276) | 0.997 | 1.512 (1.034–2.212) | 0.033 |
Age (years) (Reference group = 60–69) | ||||
70–79 | 1.815 (1.368–2.408) | 0.000 | 2.082 (1.543–2.808) | 0.000 |
80 or over | 1.536 (0.913–2.583) | 0.106 | 1.886 (1.088–3.268) | 0.024 |
Marital status (Reference group = Single) | ||||
Married | 2.287 (1.336–3.916) | 0.003 | 2.554 (1.414–4.613) | 0.002 |
Widowed/divorced/separated | 2.189 (1.241–3.858) | 0.007 | 2.152 (1.165–3.976) | 0.014 |
Education attainment (Reference group = No formal education) | ||||
Primary school | 1.519 (0.883–2.616) | 0.131 | 1.846 (1.043–3.264) | 0.035 |
Secondary/high school | 1.411 (0.753–2.643) | 0.282 | 1.485 (0.759–2.905) | 0.248 |
Bachelor’s or higher | 3.062 (1.193–7.860) | 0.020 | 3.918 (1.457–10.533) | 0.007 |
Place of residence (Reference group = Rural) | ||||
Urban | 1.176 (0.921–1.503) | 0.194 | 1.165 (0.900–1.509) | 0.246 |
Denture-wearing (Reference group = No) | ||||
Yes | 1.264 (0.952–1.679) | 0.105 | 1.237 (0.920–1.662) | 0.159 |
Smoking (Reference group = Current smoker) | ||||
Ex-smoker | 1.045 (0.698–1.563) | 0.832 | 1.020 (0.665–1.565) | 0.927 |
Never-smoker | 0.928 (0.657–1.311) | 0.672 | 0.745 (0.470–1.183) | 0.212 |
Alcohol drinking (Reference group = Current drinker) | ||||
Ex-drinker | 0.934 (0.662–1.316) | 0.695 | 0.930 (0.647–1.337) | 0.695 |
Never-drinker | 0.954 (0.695–1.311) | 0.772 | 0.949 (0.652–1.382) | 0.786 |
Exercise (Reference group = No) | ||||
Yes | 1.648 (1.290–2.105) | 0.000 | 1.662 (1.284–2.151)*** | 0.000 |
FV intake (Reference group = Less than 400 g) | ||||
400 g or above | 1.358 (1.042–1.770) | 0.023 | 1.309 (0.994–1.723) | 0.056 |
Chronic Disease (Reference group= > 2 diseases) | ||||
2 diseases | 1.709 (1.082–2.702) | 0.022 | 1.546 (0.956–2.500) | 0.075 |
1 disease | 2.015 (1.304–3.115) | 0.002 | 1.933 (1.219–3.065) | 0.005 |
No | 2.114 (1.356–3.294) | 0.001 | 2.269 (1.411–3.650) | 0.001 |